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AUTHOR: 


.k 


CHUBB,  ETHEL  LEIGH 


TITLE: 


ANONYMOUS  EPISTLE. 


r^ 


PLACE: 


[PHILADELPHIA] 


DA  TE : 

1920 


#• 


*.1 


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Thesis  (Ph.D.  in  Latin)-6raduate  School  of  Arts  and  '^ri^n...     n  • 
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MflNUFflCTURED   TO   fillM   STRNDPRDS 
BY   APPLIED   IMAGE,     INC. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 

(Anthologia  Latina  83) 

An  Edition,  with  Introduction,  Translation, 

and  Notes 


BY 


ETHEL  LEIGH  CHUBB 


A  THESIS 

PRESENTED    TO    THE    FACULTY    OF    THE    GRADUATE    SCHOOL    IN 
PARTIAL   FULFILMENT   OF  THE   REQUIREMENTS   FOR 
THE   DEGREE    OF   DOCTOR   OF   PHILOSOPHY 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
1920 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


The  writer  wishes  to  express  her  sincere  thanks  to  Professor 
John  C.  Rolfe,  Professor  Walton  B.  McDaniel,  Professor  Ro- 
land G.  Kent,  Professor  George  D.  Hadzsits,  Professor  Harry 
B.  Van  Deventer,  and  Professor  Edward  H.  Heffner  for  kindly 
criticism  and  advice  given  during  the  preparation  of  this  thesis. 


Editions 

BuRMAN,  PiBTBR.    Anthologia  Veterum  Epigrammatum  et  Poematum.  Am- 
sterdam, 1759.    Vol.  1,  Lib.  1,  no.  173.     (Text  with  notes.) 

CoLLBCnO     PI8AUREN8I8     OMNIUM     POEMATUM,    CARMINUM,    PRAGMENTORUM 

LATiNORUM.     FesaTO,  1766.     Vol.  4,  pp.  237  fiP.     (Text  only.) 
Wernsdorf,  J.  C.    Poetae  Latini  Minores.    Altenburg,  1785.    Vol.  4,  pp. 

439  ff.     (Text  with  notes.) 
Lemaire,  N.  E.    Poetae  Latini  Minores  ex  Recensione  Wemsdorfiana.   Paris, 

1824.     Vol.  3,  pp.  357  fif. 
Meyer,  Heinrich.    Anthologia  Veterum  Latinorum  Epigrammatum  et  Poe- 
matum.   Editionem  Burmannianum  digessit  et  auxit  Henricus  Meyerus. 

Leipzig,  1835.    Vol.  2,  no.  1610.     (Text  with  brief  critical  notes.) 
Baehrens,  Emil.    Poetae  Latini  Minores.    Leipzig,  1882.    Vol.  4,  pp.  271 

ff.     (Text  with  apparatus  criticus.) 
RiESE,  Alexander.    Anthologia  Latina.    Leipzig,  1869.    Second  edition, 

1894.    Vol.  1,  no.  83.     (Text  with  apparatus  criticus.) 

Articles  dealing  with  the  Text* 

Baehrens,  Emil.    Jahrbtlcher  fQr  Philologie  und  Paedagogik,  107  (1873), 

pp.  60-61. 
BiRT,  Theodor.    Ad  Historiam  Hexametri  Latini  Symbola.  Bonn,  1876,  pp. 

61-2.     (This  discusses  the  metre  also.) 
Maehlt,  J.    Zeitschrift  far  die  6sterreichischen  Gymnasien,  1871,  pp.  550  ff. 
Petscheniq,  M.    Zeitschrift  far  die  osterreichischen  Gjrmnasien,  1877,  pp. 

481  ff. 
Traubb,  Ludwig.    Philologus  54  (1895),  pp.  124  ff. 
Winterfeld,  Paul  von.    Schedae  Criticae  in  Scriptores  et  Poetas  Romanos. 

Berlin,  1895,  p.  46. 


♦  For  the  early  emendators  whose  names  appear  in  the  apparatus  criticus, 
Heinse,  Oudendorp,  Schrader,  Higt,  Hoeufft,  and  Klotz,  I  have  relied  on  the 
statements  of  other  editors.  Heinse's  conjectures  are  probably  contained 
in  the  ms.  copy  which  he  made  of  the  Salmasian  CJodex,  cf .  Riese,  p.  XV  and 
footnote  2,  Burman  Vol.  1,  pp.  XLIV-XLV.  Those  of  Oudendorp  and  Schra- 
der seem  to  have  been  communicated  directly  to  Burman,  cf.  Vol.  1,  p.  LII: 
"Franciscus  Oudendorpius,  cui  et  eo  nomine  me  baud  parum  obstrictum  gra- 
tu3  profiteor,  quod  specimina  huius  operis  typographum  exercentiare  censere 
adiuverit,  et  praesertim  egregiis  passim  emendationibus  suis  optime  de  his 
Catalectis  mereri  voluerit;  quemadmodum  etiam  clarissimus  Joh.  Schraderus, 
Franequeranae  Academiae  insigne  decus,  suas  coniecturas,  tamquam  gemmas 
interlucentes,  hie  iUic  splendere  concessit.  '*  Burman  gives  Higt's  emenda- 
tions in  the  Mantissa  Adnotationwn  In  Vol.  2,  pp.  711  ff.  Those  of  Hoeufft 
are  in  his  PericiUa  Crilica]  see  Baehrens'  note  on  verse  14. 

3 


4  An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 

Works  in  which  Reference  is  made  to  the  Poem,  aside  from  *he  Text 

ScHOELL,  F.     Histoire  abregee  de  la  litterature  romaine.     Paris,  1815.    Vol. 
3,  p.  53  note,  p.  100. 

MoNCBAUX,  Paul.    Les  Africains;  ^tude  sur  la  litterature  latine  d'Afrique; 
les  paiens.     Paris,  1894,  p.  367. 

ScHANZ,  Martin.    Geschichte  der    romischen   Literatur.    Munich,    1896. 
Part  3,  p.  37. 

Teufpel,  W.  S.    Geschichte  der  romischen  Litteratur.     6th  edition.  Leipzig, 
1913,     Vol.  3,  §  398.12. 

Palmer,  Arthur.    Edition  of  Ovid's  Heroides.    Oxford,  1898.    Introduc- 
tion, p.  XX,  footnote  1. 

Miscellaneous 

Bayard,  Louis.    Le  latin  de  Saint  Cyprien.    Paris,  1902. 

Bechtel,  Edward  A.    Edition  of  Sanctae  Silviae  Peregrinatio.     Chicago, 

1902. 
BoissiER,  Gaston.    Roman  Africa;  Archaeological  Walks  in  Algeria  and 

Tunis.    English  Translation  by  A.  Ward.     New  York  and  London,  1899. 
Bonnet,  Max.    Le  latin  de  Gregoire  de  Tours.     Paris,  1890. 
Dill,  Samuel.    Roman  Society  in  the  Last  Century  of  the  Western  Empire. 

2nd  edition,  London,  1906. 
GoELZER,  Henri.    £tude  lexicographique  et  grammaticale  de  la  latinite  de 

Saint  Jerome.    Paris,  1884. 
Hoppe,  Heinrich.    Syntax  und  Stil  des  Tertullian.    Leipzig,  1903. 
Kt^NER,  Raphael.    Ausfiihrliche  Grammatik   der   lateinischen   Sprache. 

Zweite' Auflage,  Hanover,  1912. 
Mt^LER,  LuciAN.    De  Re  Metrica  Poetarum  Latinorum  praeter  Plautum 

et  Terentium.    2nd  edition,  Petrograd  and  Leipzig,  1894. 
ScHMALZ,  J.  H.    Lateinische  Grammatik;  Syntax  und  Stilistik.    4th  edition, 

Munich,  1910.     (I.  von  Mailer's  Handbuch,  II.2) 
Schubert,  O.    Quaestiones  de  Anthologia  Codicis  Salmasiani;  Pars  I.  De 

Luxorio.    Vimaria,  1875. 

( 

INTRODUCTION 
The  Salmasian  Codex  preserves,  in  incomplete  form,  an  an- 
cient anthology  compiled  -at  Carthage  between  the  years  532 
and  534  A.  D.^    In  this  collection  is  found  the  anonymous  epis- 
tle of  Dido  to  Aeneas  which  is  here  presented. 

Date*  and  Authorship 

The  only  external  evidence  for  the  date  of  this  poem  is  fur- 
nished by  the  known  time  of  the  compilation  of  the  Salmasian 

iRiese,  Praefatio,  pp.  XXIV-XXV;    Schubert,  pp.  17  ff. 

*Monceaux  apparently  assigns  it  to  the  3rd  century,  Schanz  to  the  end  of 
the  3rd  century.  Teuffel  and  Palmer  think  it  is  probably  not  earlier  than 
the  4th  century.    Schoell  places  it  in  the  6th  century. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas  6 

Anthology,  according  to  which  it  must  be  earlier  than  534  A.  D. 
A  further  indication  may  possibly  be  found  in  the  fact  that  the 
poem  is  anonymous.  A  number  of  poems  in  the  Anthology 
which  are  given  under  the  names  of  their  authors  have  in  ad- 
dition to  the  name  the  title  vir  clarissimuSj  vir  inliLstriSj  or  some 
such  complimentary  expression;  from  this  the  conclusion  has 
been  drawn  that  these  poets  were  contemporaries  of  the  com- 
piler of  the  Anthology.'  Consequently  there  is  a  presumption 
that  the  poems  which  appear  without  such  a  title  are  of  earlier 
date.  While  some  weight  may  be  given  to  this  evidence,  it 
cannot  be  regarded  as  conclusive,  for  there  is  always  the  pos- 
sibility that  the  name  or  complimentary  title  originally  attached 
to  any  particular  poem  may  have  been  lost  in  copying;  also, 
while  it  is  not  probable  that  the  work  of  an  author  still  living 
would  be  inserted  anonymously  in  an  anthology,  it  is  by  no 
means  impossible. 

For  further  evidence  we  must  examine  the  poem  itself.  In 
two  passages*  the  author  expresses  Epicurean  views,  suggesting 
that  he  was  not  a  Christian.  This  fact  leads  Teuffel  and  Schanz 
to  date  the  poem  just  before  the  official  triumph  of  Christian- 
ity.* Here  again  we  must  beware  of  attaching  too  much  im- 
portance to  these  expressions,  for  paganism  still  lived  on  and 
flourished  side  by  side  with  Christianity  long  after  the  oflScial 
recognition  of  the  latter.'  There  were,  too,  nominal  Christians, 
like  Ausonius,  whose  religion  rested  lightly  upon  them,  and  did 
not  prevent  them  from  employing  the  old  mythological  sub- 
jects and  the  language  of  paganism.  Further,  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  the  opinions  which  the  author  attributes  to 
Dido  are  not  necessarily  his  own.  Consequently,  while  we  may 
conclude  that  the  author  was  probably  a  pagan,  we  are  not  jus- 
tified in  going  so  far  as  to  say  that  the  poem  must  have  been 
written  before  Christianity  became  the  official  religion  of  Rome. 

"Riese,  pp.  XXVI-XXVIIl. 

*41  and  121-2;  cf.  also  63  and  note. 

•Cf.  Teuffel,  Vol.  3,  §398:  "  Aus  der  Zeit  vor  dem  amtUchen  Siege  des  Chris- 
tentums  scheint  eine  Anzahl  von  Schriftwerken  in  gebundener  Form  zu  stam- 
men,  die  sich  mit  Unbefangenheit  oder  gar  Heiterkeit  auf  dem  Boden  der 
alten  Gotterwelt  bewegen  und  die  uberlieferten  Formen  meist  mit  leidlicher 
Sicherheit  handhaben." 

•DiU,  pp.  385  ff. 


6 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


Aside  from  the  foregoing  indications,  we  have  only  the  evi- 
dence of  language  and  style,  an  uncertain  means  of  determin- 
ing the  date  of  a  poem  so  short  as  this,  so  imitative,  and  so  full 
of  reminiscences  of  earlier  authors.  The  writer  was  conscious- 
ly using  Vergil  and  Ovid  as  models;  his  diction  frequently  echoes 
that  of  other  classical  poets.  Thus  the  language  of  his  own 
time  is  overlaid  with  that  of  the  writers  whom  he  imitates.  We 
may,  however,  note  the  following  indications  of  later  date: 

(1)  Metre.  The  metre  is  correct  according  to  classical  stand- 
ards, except  that  in  three  places  ^  initial  h  is  counted  as  a  con- 
sonant in  making  position.  This  is  a  peculiarity  of  Christian 
poetry,  and  first  appears  in  the  fourth  century.^  Our  author 
does  not  follow  this  rule  consistently,  for  in  sixteen  places  h  is 
treated  just  as  in  verse  of  the  classical  period.  Elision  is  re- 
markably rare,  occurring  only  five  times.* 

(2)  Syntax.  The  following  variations  from  classical  usage 
occur  :io 

Double  negative  for  emphasis  (29). 

Fruor  with  the  accusative  case  (49). 

Licet  as  a  conjunction  with  the  pluperfect  subjunctive  (115) 
and  with  the  indicative  (148-9).  The  former  is  first  found  in 
the  early  imperial  period,  the  latter  from  the  time  of  Apuleius. 

Perfect  infinitive  used  with  the  force  of  the  present  (115,  128). 
This  is  not  peculiar  to  late  Latin,  but  becomes  more  frequent 
in  the  later  period,  and  according  to  Schmalz"  is  a  favorite  use 
with  Christian  writers. 

^98,  119,  132.        'See  note  on  98. 

•56,  95,  98,  110,  147. 

The  infrequency  of  elision  is  not  of  much  value  in  establishing  the  date; 
from  the  time  of  the  SUver  Age  ehsion  was  avoided  by  some  poets,  but  there 
is  no  regular  decrease  in  the  frequency  of  its  occurrence;  cf.  E.  H.  Sturtevant 
and  R.  G.  Kent,  Transactums  of  the  American  Philological  Association,  46, 
pp.  146  ff. 

Birt  (pp.  61-2)  points  out  a  further  peculiarity  in  the  very  frequent  use 
of  two  caesuras,  dividing  the  line  into  three  parts.  He  finds  the  same  peculi- 
arity in  the  short  poem  of  20  lines  on  Phaedra,  attributed  to  Vincentius  {Anth. 
279).  On  these  grounds  he  concludes  that  this  epistle  also  is  the  work  of  Vin- 
centius. These  metrical  pecubarities  are  not  in  themselves  sufficient  reason 
for  attributing  the  two  poems  to  the  same  author,  in  the  absence  of  other 
marked  resemblances;  moreover,  the  poem  on  Phaedra  is  much  more  faulty 
metrically,  containing  several  mistakes  in  quantity  within  its  short  limits. 

"For  fuller  discussion  see  notes  on  verses  cited.  "Pp.  435-6. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas  7 

Future  participle  used  more  frequently  than  in  the  classical 
period  (45,  56,  74,  87). »« 

Asyndeton  (124  and  129)  is  noted  by  Teuffel"  as  an  indication 
of  late  date. 

(3)  Vocabulary,  The  following  words  or  expressions  show 
certain  peculiarities :" 

libenter  habe  (2),  incole  (3),  dictare  salutem  (6),  pendet  (144) 
apex  (22),  sacramenta  (33),  convincere  (37)  and  resolvere  (9), 
for  the  corresponding  simple  verbs,  capit  (69),  fiuctus  (75), 
vota  queror  (87),  durum  tuli  (103-4),  vota  cupis  (137),  sidere  (141), 
mev^  as  vocative   (144). 

These  peculiarities  of  usage,  taken  all  together,  point  decided- 
ly to  a  date  not  earlier  than  the  fourth  century.  The  choice  of 
subject  and  the  general  treatment  lead  to  the  same  conclusion. 
In  the  time  of  barren  imitation  which  succeeded  the  great  cre- 
ative period  of  Roman  literature,  admiration  for  the  master- 
pieces of  the  past  so  dominated  the  minds  of  educated  men  that 
it  left  Uttle  room  for  originality,  or  rather  whatever  originality 
existed  spent  itself  on  mere  matters  of  form  and  language.  The 
old  themes  were  treated  again  and  again,  and  ornamented  with 
new  rhetorical  devices.  Among  the  great  poets  Vergil  was  re- 
vered above  all,  his  works  were  studied  in  the  schools  and  used 
as  models  for  imitation."  The  absurd  length  to  which  this  ven- 
eration was  carried  is  shown  in  the  Vergilian  cento,  consisting 
of  phrases  from  that  poet  fitted  together  with  much  ingenuity 
80  as  to  make  a  new  poem  on  a  totally  different  subject."  A 
regular  school  exercise  was  the  dictiOy  an  expansion  of  a  line  of 
passage  from  Vergil."    The  works  of  Macrobius  and  of  MartJ\< 


"For  statistics  of  the  frequency  of  occurrence  of  the  future  participle  in  dif- 
ferent writers  see  E.  B.  Lease,  American  Journal  of  Philology  1919,  pp.  262  ff, 

"Vol.  3.  §398.12. 

"For  fuller  discussion  see  notes  on  verses  cited. 

»DiU,  pp.  385  ff. 

"Anth.  1.7-18* 

^^Three  of  these  have  been  preserved  in  the  Anthology  (223,  244,  255)  under 
the  heading  Locus  Vergilianus  or  Thema  Vergilianum.  Among  the  DiC' 
tiones  of  Ennodius  is  one  (in  prose)  entitled  Verba  Didonis  cum  abeuntem  vi- 
deret  Aenean  {Diet.  28).  The  grammarian  was  occupied  with  Vergil  to  such 
an  extent  that  to  say  he  knew  Vergil  was  sufficient  designation  of  his  calling, 
as  in  the  epigram  beginning  Arma  virumque  docens  atque  arma  virumque  peri" 
tus,  Baehrens  Poetae  Latini  Minores  5,  p.  98. 


1^ 


8 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


anus  Capella  are  an  indication  of  the  reverence  which  was  paid 
to  him  in  the  fourth  century.  Of  such  a  period  as  this  our  poem 
is  evidently  a  production. 

In  regard  to  the  place  of  composition  we  have  no  indication 
except  the  fact  that  the  Salmasian  Anthology  was  compiled  at 
Carthage.  Apparently  all  the  contemporary  poets  included  in 
the  collection  are  African,^*  and  it  is  natural  to  suppose  that 
many  of  the  anonymous  works  also  have  the  same  origin.  We 
know  that  Carthage  was  a  flourishing  centre  of  culture  and  lit- 
erary activity  during  the  early  centuries  of  the  Christian  era." 
Many  minor  works  must  have  been  produced  there  by  mediocre 
writers  whose  names  have  not  survived,  and  it  is  much  more 
probable  that  compositions  of  slight  merit  found  their  way  into 
an  anthology  put  together  at  the  place  where  they  originated, 
than  that  they  came  from  other  parts  of  the  Empire.  The  sub- 
ject of  Dido  and  her  sorrows  is  one  that  might  naturally  be  ex- 
pected to  appeal  particularly  to  a  Carthaginian  poet. 

The  epistle  itself  shows  that  the  author  was  some  one  who 
was  familiar  with  the  early  poets,  especially  with  Vergil,  Ovid, 
Horace,  and  Lucretius,  for  it  abounds  in  verbal  reminiscences 
of  their  works.  The  correctness  of  the  versification,  too,  proves 
that  he  was  well  trained  in  the  schools.  On  the  other  hand  it 
shows  little  originality,  and  there  is  an  entire  absence  of  poetic 
inspiration  or  deep  feeling.  Such  a  writer  might  naturally  be 
found  among  those  whose  profession  was  the  study  and  teaching 
of  hterature,  and  it  seems  reasonable  to  conclude  that  the  au- 
thor may  have  been  a  Carthaginian  rhetorician  or  grammarian 
'#6f  the  latter  part  of  the  fourth  or  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  cen- 
tury. The  poem  is  valuable  in  showing  what  were  the  interests 
and  Hterary  activities  of  educated  men  of  this  period,  and  in  in- 
dicating the  strength  of  the  influence  which  was  still  exercised 
by  Vergil  and  Ovid. 


"Riese,  p.  XXIX.        "Boissier,  pp.  238  ff.;  Monceaux,  pp.  459  ff. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


Style  and  Literary  Characteristics 


9 


By  the  majority  of  those  who  mention  it,  the  poem  is  briefly 
dismissed  as  a  mere  rhetorical  exercise.  Palmer^o  is  the  only 
one  of  its  critics  who  allows  it  any  merit.  The  choice  of  a  theme 
already  treated  by  Vergil  and  Ovid  inevitably  challenges  com- 
parison with  the  works  of  those  poets,  and  such  comparison  is 
not  to  the  advantage  of  our  poem.  Yet  if  we  accept  the  au- 
thor's own  estimate  of  himself  as  modicus  poeta^^^  and  keep  in 
mind  the  narrow  limits  within  which  he  confines  his  work,  it 
is  not  altogether  without  charm  and  interest.  While  in  a  sense 
it  is  nothing  more  than  a  rhetorical  exercise,  a  comparison  with 
the  dictiones  referred  to  above  shows  that  it  is  of  much  greater 
length  than  they,  and  much  more  original  in  its  treatment  of 
the  subject  chosen. 

The  poet  doubtless  had  Ovid's  epistle  of  Dido^^  before  him 
as  his  model.  The  setting  in  the  story  is  the  same  as  Ovid's, 
namely  the  time  when  Dido  asks  her  sister  Anna  to  carry  her 
appeals  to  Aeneas."  The  conception  of  Dido's  character  also 
is  Ovid's  rather  than  Vergil's — she  is  gentle  and  forgiving,  re- 
signed to  death.  She  reproaches  Aeneas,  it  is  true,  after  the 
manner  of  Vergil's  heroine,  but  her  remonstrances  are  only  a 
mild  echo  of  Vergil's  passionate  words,  and  her  brief  anger  is 
soon  suceeded  by  gentler  emotion.  Her  last  wish  is  for  Aeneas' 
safety.  The  language,  as  well  as  the  general  treatment,  is  more 
suggestive  of  Ovid  than  of  Vergil,  as  might  be  expected;  for  the 
former  could  be  imitated  much  more  easily  by  a  writer  of  medi- 
ocre ability.  Again  and  again  phrases  occur  which  echo  those 
of  Ovid,2<  showing  that  the  author  must  have  been  sufficiently 
familiar  with  his  works  to  reproduce  his  language  unconsciously. 

Yet  at  the  same  time  he  altogether  lacks  the  smooth,  easy 
flow  of  Ovid's  verse.  The  thought  is  frequently  difficult  to 
follow,  partly  because  the  language  is  condensed  to  the  point  of 
obscurity.  A  noticeable  characteristic  is  a  certain  poverty  of 
vocabulary,  which  shows  itself  in  the  repetition  of  the  same 
words  and  phrases,  e.  g.  vota  nocentis  (39,  99),  honesta  pericula 
(97,  136),  pentura  (74,  87),  perflde  (35,  119,  124).    Nocens  in 


;> 


*«>?.  XX,  footnote  1.    »5        ^Epiat.  7. 
*»Verg.  Aen.  4.437-8;  cf.  Palmer  p.  339. 
**See  notes  passim. 


s<i 


10 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


different  forms  occurs  six  times,  and  vota  eleven  times.  Quite 
striking  is  a  tendency  to  repeat  a  word  three  or  four  lines  after 
its  first  occurrence,  e.  g.  ipse  dolor  (11),  dolor  ipse  (16),  cf.  ipse 
dolor  (89) 'Jigavit  (17),  ligat  (20)  ;conscia  (29  and  S2);pendet  (14), 
pependet  (18);  alitura  (56),  alit  (59);  reparare  (69),  reparant 
(73);  miser  am  (90  and  92);  manus  (92),  manu  (94);  nefas  (97 
and  99). 

The  most  original  and  the  best  part  of  the  poem  is  the  long 
passage"  contrasting  the  constant  changes  in  nature  with  the 
enduring  grief  of  unhappy  love.  The  idea  is  by  no  means  new, 
but  it  is  developed  here  to  an  unusual  length  and  with  consider- 
able skill.  As  we  should  expect,  the  details  are  of  literary  ori- 
gin, not  drawn  directly  from  nature.  The  passage  is  divided 
into  stanzas  of  equal  length  by  the  refrain  Sua  taedia  solus  fal- 
lere  nesdt  amor.  Less  effective  is  the  second  refrain,^*  Cui  dig- 
na  rependesy  si  mihi  dura  paras?  It  does  not  mark  off  a  dis- 
tinct division  of  the  poem,  as  does  the  first  one,  the  stanzas  are 
not  so  clearly  separated  in  thought,  and  one  of  them  is  longer 
by  a  hne  than  the  others. 

A  marked  feature  of  the  poem  is  the  use  that  is  made  of  allit- 
eration.   The  following  lines  show  striking  instances  of  this: 


8.  modoy  me  magis,  mortis 
15.  calamus  celerare  quereUas 
17.  vUis  et  verba 
27-8.  convbiumy  crimsny  credula, 

cuncta 
40.  verba,  voco,  vulnera 


78-9.  roscida,  rideni,  rosia 

87.  vota,  vellem 

92.  membra  marms,  miseram 

95.  morte,  mersum,  figere  ferrum 

96.  pectore  piUsum 

97.  pericula  jhissus 


»42-82.        "100  ff. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


11 


SIGLA* 

i4=  Codex  Parisinus  10318,  commonly  known  as  Salmasianns, 
from  its  former  owner  Salmasius  (Claude  de  Saumaise),  into 
whose  possession  it  came  between  the  years  1609  and  1620. 
This  is  the  only  original  ms.  authority.  It  is  written  in  imcials, 
and  belongs  to  the  seventh,  or  perhaps  the  beginning  of  the 
eighth  century.  A  description  of  it,  with  an  account  of  its  his- 
tory, is  given  by  Riese  (pp.  XII  ff .) ;  see  also  Traube,  Philologus 
54,  p.  124.  It  is  reproduced  in  facsimile  under  the  title:  Bib- 
liotMqu£  Nationale:  dipartement  des  manuscrits:  Anthologie  de 
PoHes  Latins  dite  de  Saumaise;  reproduction  reduite  du  manur 
scrit  en  ondale,  Latin  10318,  de  la  BibliotMque  Nationale;  Paris, 

1903. 

A'  =     Corrections  of  A  in  the  original  hand. 

a  =     Emendations  of  Salmasius,  written  in  the  margin  of  A, 

a  =  Emendations  made  by  the  writer  of  the  Schedae  Di- 
vionensesy  a  copy  of  A  made  at  Divio  (Dijon)  between  the  years 
1651  and  1756,  and  now  at  Heidelberg.  This  ms.  was  used  by 
Burman,  who  regarded  it  as  of  great  value. 

C  =  Codex  Parisinus  8069,  containing  selections  which  were 
probably  intended  for  use  in  schools;  see  Riese  pp.  XLI-XLII. 
It  contains  only  two  verses  of  this  poem,  4  and  6. 

The  apparatus  criticus  is  based  on  that  of  Riese's  second 
edition,  but  for  the  sake  of  the  completeness  which  seems  de- 
sirable, a  number  of  proposed  conjectures  are  included  which 
Riese  does  not  note. 

The  text  represents  the  reading  of  A  when  not  otherwise  noted. 

The  abbreviations  used  in  the  notes  are  those  of  the  The- 
saurus Linguae  Latinos, 


*Those  used  in  Riese's  edition;  see  Riese  p.  33. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


13 


ANALYSIS 

1-5  Preface,  in  which  the  author  asks  the  reader's  indul- 
gence. 

6-26.  Pride  should  have  kept  me  from  appealing  to  you, 
but  love  has  overcome  my  pride.  Let  this  confession  be  my 
excuse. 

27-41.  My  only  fault  was  that  I  trusted  you  too  much;  is 
this  the  reward  I  deserve?  The  reasons  that  you  give  for  going 
are  only  excuses  to  hide  your  faithlessness. 

42-82.  Everything  in  nature  changes;  love  alone  is  unchang- 
ing: 

43-47.     The  moon  and  the  sun  alternately  prevail. 
48-52.     Quiet  night  succeeds  the  day. 
53-57.     The    nightingale,  through    the  influence  of  the 
night  forgets  her  grief  for  a  time. 

58-62.     Night  brings  joy  to  the  happily  married  husband 


and  wife. 

63-67. 
earth. 

68-72. 
man. 

73-77. 

78-81. 


Spring  brings  the  renewal  of  vegetation  on  the 
Sleep  restores  the  strength  of  the  weary  husband- 


The  tides  of  the  sea  rise  again  after  their  ebb. 
After  winter  the  flowers  reappear. 

82-86.  But  the  changing  times  and  seasons  bring  me  no 
peace. 

87-91.     Grief  and  love  do  not  allow  me  to  remain  silent. 

91-99.     My  thoughts  of  vengeance  were  overcome  by  love. 

100-144.  I  sympathized  with  Creiisa's  fate,  I  showed  kind- 
ness to  lulus,  I  welcomed  you  when  you  were  a  shipwrecked 
stranger,  and  even  gave  up  my  throne  to  you,  but  for  all  this 
you  show  no  gratitude. 

144-150.  Yet  love  is  stronger  than  anger,  and  my  last  wish 
is  for  your  welfare. 


14 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


DIDO  AENEAE 

Praefatio 

Sic  tua  semper  ames,  quisquis  pia  vota  requiris, 
Nostra  libenter  habe;  quid  carminis  otia  ludant, 
Cerne  bonus,  mentisque  fidem  probus  incole  iudex. 
Dulce  sonat  quod  cantat  amor;  cui  grata  voluptas 
Esse  potest,  modicum  dignetur  amare  poetam. 


Dido  Aeneae  (m.  A  2.  abe  A  carmininis  ocia  A  3.  incole  A,  indue  Baeh- 
reus,  indole  Higt  4  e<  6  in  C  fol  1  u.  et  Vaticano  639  «.  XI  extant  4.  gratia 
A,  grata  C  a     uoluntas  C    6.  amore  a. 


1 .  Sic:  i.  e.  on  condition  that  you  grant  your  favor  to  my  work.  Sic  is  fre- 
quently used  to  introduce  a  wish  which  is  made  conditional  upon  some- 
thing else;  e.  g. 

Verg.  Ed.  9.  30-32     Sic  tua  Cymeaa  fugiant  examina  taxos, 

Sic  cytiso  pastae  distendarU  vbera  vaccae, 
Incipe,  si  quid  habes. 

Hor.  Carm.  1.  3.  1-8  SicU  diva  potena  Cypn, 

Sic  fratres  Helenae,  lucida  siderat 
VerUorumque  regat  pater 


Reddas  incolumem  precoTf 
Et  serves  animae  dimidium  meae. 
Ov.  Epist.  3.  135-7    Nunc  quoque,  sic  omnes  Peleus  pater  inpleat  annos, 

Sic  eat  auspiciis  Pyrrhus  ad  arma  tuis, 
Respice  soUicUam  Briseida,  fortis  Achille. 
pia  vota:  This  expression  is  used  several  times  by  Ovid,  e.  g.  Am.  2.  6. 
43  Quid  referam  timidae  pro  te  pia  vota  pueUaei  Met.  1.  221  Irridet 
primo  pia  vota  Lycaon.  See-also  Met.  8.  499,  Fast.  I.  722,  Rem.  813.  Cf. 
Auson.  390.  27-8  Nesdat  hos  natus,  numeret  properarUiar  heres,  Tes- 
tamenta  ma^ris  quam  pia  vota  f ovens  and  391.8  Soliis  eram,  profugae' 
que  dabam  pia  vota  carinae.     Vota  is  accusative  of  inner  object. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


15 


DIDO  TO  AENEAS 


Preface 

As  you  wish  to  be  ever  pleased  with  your  lot,  whoever  you 
may  be  who  seek  what  piety  may  ask,  grant  your  favor  to  m]^ 
work;  with  kindness  look  upon  the  verses  that  leisure  composes 
for  a  pastime,  and,  as  an  upright  judge,  cultivate  an  impartial, 
spirit.  Sweet  is  the  sound  of  what  love  sings;  let  anyone  who 
can  find  delight  in  pleasure  deign  to  love  even  a  humble  poet. 


2.  libenter  habe:  this  expression  is  used  twice  in  Sanctae  SUviae  Peregrit 
natio,  Bechtel  p.  24.  26  itaque  ergo,  si  libenter  habes,  quaecumque  loca  sun- 
hie  grata  ad  videndum  christianis,  ostendimus  tibi,  and  p.  32.9  quia  libenter 
haberetis  haec  cognoscere.  It  does  not  seem  to  occur  elsewhere,  though 
habeo  is  found  with  other  similar  adverbs,  e.  g.  Sail.  Catil.  51.  11  midti 
eas  (sc.  iniurias)  gravius  aequo  habuere.  Liv.  7.  5.7  Ita  aegre  habuitfilium 
id  pro  parente  ausum.  Tac.  Ann.  4.  21.2  quae  in  praesens  Tiberius  civUiter 
habuit.  The  use  of  this  expression,  which  occurs  apparently  only  in 
one  Latin  work,  is  of  some  importance  for  dating  the  poem.  The  Pere- 
grinatio  of  S.  Silvia  belongs  probably  to  the  last  quarter  of  the  fourth 
century,  though  some  scholars  attribute  the  work  to  a  certain  Aetheria, 
and  place  it  about  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century. 
ludant:  of  the  composition  of  light  or  pla}rful  verses.  Cf. 
Catull.  50.  2-5  MuUum  IvMmv^  in  meis  tabellis, 

Ut  convenerat  esse  delicalos. 

Scribens  versiculos  uterque  nostrum 

Ludebat  numero  mode  hoc  modo  iUoc. 
Verg.  Eel.  1.  9-10         lUe  meas  errare  boves,  ut  cemis,  et  ipsum 

Ludere  quae  veUem  calamo  permit  agresti. 
Hor.  Carm.  4.  9. 9-10    Nee,  si  quid  dim  lusit  Anacre^m, 

DeUvit  a£tas. 
3.  incole,  the  ms.  reading,  is  kept  by  Wemsdorf,  and  explained  as  the  use 
of  a  compound  for  simple  verb,  characteristic  of  late  Latin.  All  the 
other  editors  change  to  indue  or  indole.  The  dictionaries  give  one  in- 
stance of  incolo  for  colo,  Codex  Theodos.  13. 1.  3.  (361  A.  D.)  si  ea  homines 
vestri  ac  rusticani  etiam  in  vestris  possessionibv^  commorantes  distrahant, 
quae  in  his  terris  quas  incolunt  adque  in  eodem  rare  gignuntur.  There  is 
a  peculiar  use  of  the  word  in  Tert.  Spect.  10  Videmu^  igitur  etiam  artes 
eorum  honoribus  dicaias  esse  qui  nomina  incolunt  auctorum  earum.  (Cf. 
Hoppe  p.  189,  who  translates  "we^che  die  Namen  der  Urheber  tragen.") 
On  the  whole  it  seems  best  to  retain  the  ms.  reading,  although  no  exact 
parallel  can  be  quoted. 


16 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


17 


10 


CARMEN 

Debuit  ingrato  nullam  dictare  salutem 
Laesus  amor.     Sed  nulla  iuvant  convitia  flentem — 
Si  modo  flere  vacet!  Nam  me  magis  inproba  mortis 
Fata  vocant.     Troiane  nocens,  haec  dona  remittis? 
Quamvis  saepe  gravi  conponam  carmine  fletus, 
Plus  habet  ipse  dolor;  nee  conplent  verba  dolorem 
Quem  sensus  patientis  habet,  vel  egena  requiro 


6.  ingrado  nulla  i4  mandare  C  7.  L^sos  ^4  iubantA  8.  inprobe /Jiesc 
10.  graues  conponant  carmina  Higt  11.  Plus  ualet  iste  Higt  dolores  Higt 
12.  pangentis  Baehrens  uel  regna  A,  nee  regna  Higt,  uel  recta  Wemsdorf, 
uel  penna  recusal  Baehrens,  vertenda  Riese,  vel  egena  Travbe. 


6.  salutem  refers  to  the  usual  beginning  of  a  letter,  salutem  dicit.     Cf.  Ov 
Epist.  13.  1     Mittit,  et  optat  amans  quo  mittitur  ire  salutem. 

dictare  salutem  means  merely  "write  a  letter."  Owing  to  the  fact  that 
dictation  was  the  usual  custom,  dictare  came  to  mean  nothing  more  than 
write.    Cf.  Juv.  6.  218 

Non  unus  tiJbi  rivalis  dictabitur  heres. 
Suet.  Tit.  6.  1  Cum  patris  nomine  et  epistulas  ipse  dictaret  et  edicta  con' 
scriberet.  Sidon.  Epist.  1.  7  dominum  dictasse  profitehaiur,  se  dictasse  pro- 
clamat,  quod  ipse  dictasset.  Numerous  other  examples  are  cited  in  the 
Thesaurus.  This  use  became  very  common  in  the  Middle  Ages;  see  W. 
Wattenbach,  Das  Schriftwesen  im  Mittelalter,  pp.  266  ff. 

7.  convitia:  a  late  spelling  for  convida. 

8.  Si vacet:   the  si  clause  expresses  a  wish.    Cf.  Verg.  Aen.  6. 

187-8     Si  nunc  se  nobis  iUe  aureus  arbore  ramu^ 

Ostendat  nemore  in  tanto. 
flere  vacet:  cf.  Ov.  Met.  10.  387     Tum  denique  flere  vacavit. 
Nam:  the  connection  of  thought  is:  (But  there  is  no  time    to    weep,) 
for  the  cruel  fate,  etc. 

magis:  potius,  or  some  expression  meaning  "on  the  other  hand"  might 
be  expected  here. 


POEM 

Injured  love  should  have  written  no  word  of  greeting  to  one 
who  is  ungrateful.  But  reproaches  are  no  remedy  for  tears  — 
if  only  there  were  time  for  tears!  Instead  the  cruel  fate  of 
death  summons  me.  Guilty  Trojan,  is  this  the  gift  you  send 
me  in  return?  However  often  I  try  to  still  my  weeping  by 
writing  bitter  verses,  my  very  grief  proves  stronger;  no 
words  can  satisfy  the  grief  that  my  too  patient  heart  endures, 


inproba:  Riese  changes  the  ms.  reading  to  inprobe,  apparently  because 
the  vocative  occurs  in  34  and  124.  There  is  no  reason  for  any  change; 
inproba  is  an  appropriate  epithet  to  apply  to  fata. 

mortis  fata:  cf.  Cic.  Tim.  40    neque  vos  uUa  mortis  fata  periment;  also 
the  Homeric  Kfipe^  Bavaxoto,  II.  2.  302,  834;  12.  326,  etc. 
9.  fata  vocant:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  10.  471-2 

et  iam  sua  Tumum 

Fata  vocant. 
Ov.  Epist.  6.  28    me  quoque  fata  vocant. 

7.  1     Sic  ubi  fata  vocant. 
Sil.  16.  698-9         Talibus  adcensi  patres,  faioquo  vocante^ 

Consults  adnuerunt  dictis. 
Voco  and  KaXio)  are  used  especially  of  the  summons  of  death  or  of  the 
dead;  see  Peerlkamp's  note  on  Hor.  Carm.  2.  20.  6,  where  examples  are 
cited. 

nocens  is  a  favorite  word  of  our  author,  cf.  24,  39,  99,  124,  132. 

dona  refers  to  Dido's  death  {mortis  fata),  as  Wemsdorf  points  out,   not 

to  the  sword  with  which  she  killed  herself,  as  Burman  took  it.     The 

same  idea  is  repeated  in  31  Hanc  reddis,  Troiane,  vicemf 

remittis:  i.  e.  as  a  return  for  the  kindness  that  I  have  shown  you. 
10.  For  the  thought  cf .  Hor.  Carm.  4.11. 35-36    Minuentur  atrae  carmine  curae, 

and  Ov.  Trist.  4. 10. 111-2    Hie  ego,  finitimis  quamvis  circumsoner  armis, 

Tristia  quo  possum  carmine  fata  levo. 

gravi  applied  to  poetry  generally  means  serious,  or  on  a  serious  theme. 

Here  it  refers  rather  to  the  bitterness  of  Dido's  feeling  toward  Aeneas. 
12.  patierUis  suggests  too  patient  endurance.     Cf.  Belt.  Afr.  31.  8  pati- 

entem  se  timidumque  hostium  opinioni  praebebat.     Nep.  Epam.  7  fuisse 

patierutem  suarumque  iniurias  ferentem  civium. 


18  An  Anonymous  Epistle  oj  Dido  to  Aeneas 

Quae  maledicta  dedi,  miseris  circumdata  fatis. 

Pendet  amore  domus,  castus  dolor  auget  amorem. 
15    Dum  studet  iratas  calamus  celerare  querellas, 

Continuit  dolor  ipse  manus,  nee  plura  loquentem 

Fassus  amor,  mentisque  vias  et  verba  ligavit. 

A,  quotiens  revocata  manus  dubiumque  pependit! 

Quid  factura  fuit  trepidanti  pollice?     Dextram 
20    Torpor  et  ora  ligat,  dum  dura  vocabula  formant, 

Et  minus  explicitam  condemnat  littera  vocem. 


13.  qu«  A  male  victa  Higt  miseri  A  14.  Pendit  A,  Perdita  Maehly  do- 
mus A,  dolor  Hoeufft  castus  A,  vastus  Baehrens,  clausus  Hoeuffl,  cassum 
Riese  augit  A  15.  studit  iratjs  A  animus  Burman  collorare  A,  celerare 
Higt,  celare  Burman,  cumulare  Maehly  16.  manu  A  17.  mentisque  A, 
mentisque  Higt,  metrisque  Wemsdorf  18.  quotiens  A  dubitansque  Maehly 
20.  ira  A ,  ora  Riese  firmat  A ,  format  Schroder,  formant  acripsi  21 .  comendat 
A,  condemnat  Schroder    vocq  A 


12-13.  The  ms.  reading  is  clearly  corrupt.  The  emendation  adopted  in 
the  text,  that  of  Traube,  is  palaeographically  easy,  involving  only  one 
change,  regno  to  egena.  The  thought  (10-13)  is:  "I  ought  to  feel  only 
anger,  but  when  I  try  to  reproach  you,  grief  overcomes  me;  I  cannot  now, 
even  though  I  wish,  bring  myself  to  utter  such  bitter  reproaches  as  I 
used  at  first,  when  my  wrong  was  still  fresh  in  my  mind. "  The  substi- 
tution of  regno  may  be  explained  on  the  supposition  that  the  scribe  may 
have  looked  ahead  to  domtis  in  14,  or  that  he  was  influenced  by  the  re 
in  requiro. 

13.  maledicta:  such  as  those  which  Vergil  makes  her  utter,  Aen,  4.  365-387; 
and  her  dying  prayer,  612-629. 

14.  This  line  has  been  generally  regarded  as  corrupt,  and  has  called  forth  a 
great  variety  of  emendations.  The  ms.  reading,  however,  may  be  explain- 
ed so  as  to  make  good  sense,  and  should  therefore  be  retained.  The  diffi- 
culty is  in  pendet.  Wemsdorf  explains  it  as  equivalent  to  in  ruinam  pen' 
del,  pessum  data  est.  This  is  not  an  unnatural  extension  of  the  usual 
meaning  of  the  word,  and  is  paralleled  by  Lucan.  1.  24  At  nunc  seminUis 
pendent  quod  moenia  tectis.  It  is  used  with  the  meaning  which  labor  has 
in  Verg.  Aen.  4.  318  miserere  domus  lobentis,  which  the  poet  doubtless 
had  in  mind.    It  is  also  supported  by  the  couplet  on  Venus,  Anth.  56 

Uritur  igne  suo  fumorUtbus  Aetna  cavemis. 
Pendet  amore  Venu^:  uritur  igne  suo. 
In  the  latter  Riese  explains  pendet  as  »  suspenso  est. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


19 


or  in  my  need  I  seek  in  vain  the  imprecations  that  I  uttered  when 
encompassed  by  an  evil  destiny.  Because  of  love  my  house  is 
tottering  to  its  fall,  my  guiltless  sorrow  but  increases  my  love. 
While  my  pen  in  eager  haste  was  striving  to  give  expression  to 
angry  complaints,  grief  itself  stayed  my  hand,  and  love,  per- 
mitting me  to  say  no  more,  checked  both  the  course  of  my 
thoughts  and  my  words.  Ah,  how  often  was  my  hand  recalled 
from  its  task,  how  often  was  it  poised  in  doubt!  What  could 
it  do  with  thumb  atremble?  Numbness  binds  fast  hand  and 
lips,  while  they  are  forming  the  harsh  words,  and  what  I  write 
coodemns  the  thought  not  yet  expressed.     The   pen,    guided 


castus  dolor:  i.  e.  grief  for  the  ruin  of  her  house,  which  is  a  pure  and  hon- 
orable grief. 

16.  nee  pluro  etc.:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1.  385-6 

nee  plura  querentem 
Pa^sa  Venus  medio  sic  interfaia  dolore  est, 

18.  A  quotiens:  of.  Ov.  Trist.  1.  3.  51-4 

Ah,  quotiens  oliquo  dixi  properonte,  quid  urges? 

Vel  quo  festines  ire,  vel  unde,  vide. 
Ah,  quotiens  certam  me  sum  mentitus  habere 

Horam,  praepositae  quaeforet  apta  viae. 

dubium:  adverbial;  the  adjective  dubia  might  have  been  expected. 

19.  trepidanti  pollice:    cf.  Ov.  Met.  9.  520 

Et  meditaia  manu  componit  verba  trementi. 

poUex  may  be  used  for  the  fingers  in  general,  as  in  Ov.  Amor.  3.  6.  71 
Sera  tamen  scindens  inimico  pollice  crinem. 

20.  Torpor  .  .  .  ligat:  cf.    Ov.  Met.  1.  548 

Vix  prece  finita,  torpor  gravis  alligat  artus. 

ora:  the  ms.  ira  gives  a  meaning  exactly  the  opposite  of  what  is  requir- 
ed. It  is  ira  that  urges  her  to  write  the  harsh  words,  dolor  that  checks 
her.    Ora  is  supported  by  Ov.  Met.  9.  514-5 

Coget  amor,  potero;  vel  si  pudor  ora  tenebit, 

Littera  celatos  arcana  fatebitur  ignes. 
Uiese's  change  to  era  necessitates  the  further  change  of  the  verb  to  /or- 
mant. 

21.  condemnat:  the  ms.  commendat  cannot  be  justified.     Schrader's  cor- 

rection is  generally  accepted.    For  the  thought  cf. 
Ov.  Epist.  13.  13    Linguaque  mandantis  verba  imperfecta  reliquit. 
21.  25   Sicut  eront  properons  verba  imperfecta  relinquo. 
Met.  1.  526      Fugit,  cumque  ipso  verba  imperfecta  reliquit. 


20 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


Torsit  iter  male  tractus  apex,  dubiaque  remissus 
Mente  pudor,  dum  verba  notat,  dum  nomina  mandat 
Flamma  nocens,  iram  taedens;  penitusque  cucurrit 
25     Sopitus  per  membra  calor  duroque  medullas 

Igne  vorat.     Nullus  confessam  culpet  amantem. 
Conubium  nunc  crimen  erat?     Male  credula  votis 
Cuncta  dedi  (nee  mira  fides)  sub  lege  mariti 


22.  sapex  A  remissos  A, repressus  iVfoeWy  24.  irataredens  A,  iram(»eZ  irae) 
taedens  McDaniel,  ridens  Wemsdorf,  furens  vel  uirens  Burman,  ardens  Birt, 
redit  Klotz,  iterata  redit  Petschenig,  iram  Hoeufft,  iram  ridet  Baehrens,  iram 
tardens  Riese  poenitusq;  A  25.  duro  A,  diro  Baehrens  26.  forat  A,  uorat 
Burman  confessus  A,  confessam  Burman  27.  conuuiQ  A  nunc  A, tunc  a, 
non  Maehly      erit  Baehrens    28.  fide  A,  fides  Higt 


22.  Torsit  seems  to  indicate  a  wavering,  unsteady  line.    The  phrase  occurs 
in  Stat.  Theb.  11.  312-3 

paulum  si  devius  hostis 
Torsit  iter. 

but  in  a  different  sense,  meaning  merely  "turned  aside." 

iter:  accusative  of  inner  object. 

male:  owing  to  the  trembling  of  her  fingers. 

apex:  the  Thesaurus  gives  no  instance  of  the  use  of  apex  to  mean  pen. 
The  word,  however,  indicates  any  pointed  top  or  end,  e.  g.  of  a  spear, 
cf.  SU.  1.  466-7 

iacit  ignetis  hastas 
Dirum  lumen  apex. 
Hence  it  might  easily  be  applied  to  the  stilus.  Apex  was  also  the  name 
given  to  the  sign  placed  over  a  long  vowel  to  indicate  its  quantity,  and 
from  this  in  late  Latin  it  came  to  mean  a  letter,  then  writing  or  •  any- 
thing written.  The  latter  is  probably  the  meaning  in  Anth.  107.  5 
apicum  dot  felle  figuras,  though  possibly  it  may  there  mean  pen. 

23.  no<a/:  Ovid  frequently  uses  noto  to  mean  write;    cf. 

Met.  9.  522-3    Indpit,  et  dvhitat;  scribit,  damnatque  tabellas; 

Et  notat  et  delet;  mutat,  cvXpatque,  prohatque. 
digitis  charta  notata  meis. 

(littera)  Vix  bene  barbarica  Graeca  notaXa  manu. 
Et  legor  ^'Oenone"  falce  notata  tua. 
mandat:  cf.  Ov.  Epist.  17.  143-4 

Nunc  qy^y£,  quod  iacito  mando  mea  verba  libeUo, 
Fungitur  officio  littera  nostra  novo. 
and  13.  13        Linguaque  mandantis  (see  note  on  21). 


Epist.  1.  62 
3.  2 
5.  22 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


21 


with  difficulty,  traced  its  crooked  way,  and  shame  was  ban- 
ished from  my  doubtful  heart,  while  love's  baleful  flame,  grow- 
ing weary  of  anger,  wrote  the  words  and  dictated  the  expressions. 
The  slumbering  fire  has  sped  through  my  inmost  being,  and 
with  pitiless  flame  is  consuming  my  very  marrow.  Let  no  one 
reproach  one  who  admits  her  love. 

Was  marriage  then  my  sin?     Too  ready  to  believe  your  prom- 
ises (nor  is  my  trust  surprising),  I  gave  all,  as  the  right  of  the 


24.  iram  taedens:  I  am  indebted  to  Professor  McDaniel  for  this  reading. 
It  requires  only  a  very  slight  change  (the  omission  of  one  letter)  in  the 
ms.  reading;  the  unfamiliar  and  unclassical  use  of  taedens  may  have  been 
the  cause  of  the  corruption.  The  noun  taedium  is  a  favorite  word  with 
the  author,  cf.  the  refrain,  42,  etc.  In  late  Latin  taedeo  was  used  person- 
ally, and  is  found  with  the  accusative  as  well  as  the  genitive.  Cf .  Hier. 
Vita  Malchi  7  Coepi  taedere  captwitatis  et  monasterii  cellvlas  quaerere, 
Lact.  Inst.  4.  19.  4    Exterrita  est  quae  parit  et  taeduit  animam. 

Ale.  Avit.  Carm.  4.  328-9 

Nonne  piger  quisquam  lucri  taedensque  laboris 
Insanire   putet? 

25.  Cf.  Catull.  35.  14-5  ex  eo  misellae  Ignes  interiorem  edurU  meduUam, 
Verg.  Aen.  4.  66-7  Est  mollis  flamma  medullas 

Interea,  et  taciturn  vivit  sub  pectore  vulnus. 
Sen.  Phaed.  281-2    Non  habet  latam  data  plaga  frontem, 

Sed  vorat  tectas  penitus    medullas     (of  the  wound 
of  love). 
Nullus  etc.  :    this  idea  occurs  repeatedly  in  Ovid,  cf. 
Epist.  4.  156  Da  veniam  fassae  duraque  corda  doma. 

16.  11-12  Parce  precorfasso,  nee  vultu  cetera  duro 

Perlege. 
19.  4  Da  veniam  fassae,  non  patienter  amo. 

Pont.  4.  2.  23-4         Da  veniam  fasso;  studiis  quoque  frena  remisi^ 

Ducitur  et  digitis  littera  rara  meis. 
miserere  fatentis  amoremf 
Et  non  fassurae,  nisi  cogeret  ultimus  ardor. 
Confiieor — si  quid  prodesl  delicta  fateri. 
27.  Conubium:  trisyllabic  as  in  Verg.  Aen.  1.73;  cf.  also  Verg  Aen.  4.  316 

Per  conubia  nostra,  per  inceptos  hymenaeos. 
nunc  has  here  a  weakened  force,  merely  indicating  a  transition;    cf. 
Plaut.  Stick.  171     Nunc  si  ridiculum  hominem  quaerat  quispiam. 
Prop.  2.  3.  33    Hoc  ego  nunc  mirer  si  flagret  nostra  iuventtist 

2.  26.  21-2    Nunc  admirentur  quod  tarn  mihi  pulchra  puella 

Serviat  et  tota^  dicar  in  urbe  potens» 
Hor.  Epist.  1.  6.  17  and  2.  2.  76    /  nunc. 


26. 


Met.  9.  560-1 
Am.  2.  4.  3 


22 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


30 


35 


Cuius  et  ipsa  fui^  numquam  nee  conscia  reddent 
Vota  fidem,  si  talis  erit  non  digna  marito. 
Hanc  reddis,  Troiane,  vicem?     Meus  ista  meretur 
Affectus?     Non  ille  torus,  non  conscia  lecti 
Sacramenta  tenent?     Totum  pro  crimine  perdo 
Quidquid  amore  dedi?    Fatis  licet,  inprobe,  tendas 
Aemula  regna  meis,  nihil  est  quod,  perfide,    iactes; 
Fraude  perit,  non  sorte,  fides.     Sed  regna  petebas 
Debita,  nee  rerum  poteras  convincere  sortem? 


30.    erat  Maehly    31.    iste  A,  ista  a    33.    tept  A,  tenent  a     totum,  pro- 
crimine  Higt     perdi  A,  perdo  Higt     34.     Quid  A;  quid  supra  scripsit  m. 

altera  satis  antiqua    tentes  Maehly.     35.    Aemula  A,  Romula  a     37.  con- 
uertere  Baehrens,  mecum  poteras  coniungere  Riese 


crimen:  cf.  Ov.  Epist.  7.  164    Quod  crimen  dicis  praeter  amasse  meumt 

Male  credula:  "believing  to  my  sorrow."    Cf. 

Ov.  Rem.  451-2    At  libij  qui  dominae  fueris  male  credita  uni, 

Nunc  saltem  nouus  est  inveniendus  amor. 
Fast.  2.  225  male  creditur  hosti. 

Epist.  7.  54  Expertae  totiens  tam  mxiLe  credis  aquaef 

See  Palmer's  note  on  the  latter  passage:  "Male  credere  is  of  ten  used  of 
trusting  anybody  or  anjrthing  with  untoward  result." 

29 .  et^  too,  i.  e.  in  addition  to  all  that  I  gave. 

num,quam  nee:  double  negative  for  emphasis,  which  is  found  in  early 
Latin,  and  quite  frequently  in  later  Latin  from  the  time  of  Grellius  and 
Apuleius.  Instances  of  it  occur  even  in  classical  writers;  cf.  Schmalz 
pp.  637-«. 

Cf .  Enn.  Trag.  130  Lapideo  sunt  corde  multiy  quos  non  miseret  neminis. 
Cic.  Verr.  2.  60      Debebat  Epicrates  nummum  nullum  nemini, 
Catull.  48.  4  Nee  numquam  videar  salur  futurus. 

76.  3-4  Nee  sanctum  violasse  fidem  nee  foedere  nuUo 

LHvom  ad  fallendos  numine  aJtmsum  homines. 
Petron.  42  Neminem  nihil  boni  facere  oportet.  (This   probably 

represents  the  language  of  the  uneducated.) 
For  further  examples  see  G.  Friedrich  on  Catull.  48.  4. 
conscia  vota  are  vows  that  lovers  know  along  with  each  other,  the  know- 
ledge of  which  they  share,  i.  e.  mutual. 

redderU  .  .  .  fidem:  cf.  Cic.  Cat.  3.  2.  4  auribtis  vestris  .  .  .  minorem 
fidem  faceret  oratio  mea. 

30.  talis:  sc.  fides.    Or  possibly  it  means  "  a  woman  such  as  I. " 

31.  Cf.  Ov.  Am.  1.  6.  23    Redde  vicem  meritis. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


23 


husband  to  whom  I  too  belonged.  Never  will  mutual  vows  gain 
credence,  if  such  faith  as  mine  is  not  worthy  of  a  husband's  love. 
Trojan,  is  this  the  return  you  make?  Is  this  what  my  love  de- 
serves? Does  the  remembrance  of  our  marriage  couch  not  hold 
you,  nor  the  oaths  of  fidelity  that  we  there  exchanged?  As  if 
guilty  of  crime  do  I  lose  all  that  I  gave  for  love? 

Grant  that  it  is  by  the  decrees  of  fate,  base  wretch,  that  you 
are  seeking  a  kingdom  that  will  rival  mine,  there  is  no  reason, 
traitor,  for  your  reiterating  this;  by  treachery,  not  by  fate, 
is  your  honor  lost.  But  (you  say)  you  were  seeking  the 
kingdom  that  was  rightfully  yours,  you  could  not  overcome 


32.  conscia  lecti:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  4.  167-8  conscitis  aether  conulni  {or  conubiis 
according  to  another  reading). 

Mart.  14.  39  Dulcis  conscia  lectuli  lucema, 

Quidquid  vis  facias  licet,  tacebo. 
32-33.    Cf.  Verg.  Aen.  4.  307-8 

Nee  te  noster  amor,  nee  te  data  dextera  quondam, 
Nee  moritura  tenet  crudeli  funere  Dido? 
The  whole  series  of  questions  in  this  passage  is  modeled  on  Dido's  ap- 
peal to  Aeneas  in  Verg.  Aen.  4.  305-330. 

33.  Sacram£nta  seems  to  be  used,  as  Wemsdorf  says,  with  special  reference 
to  marriage,  as  in  late  and  ecclesiastical  Latin.  Cf.  Mart.  Cap.  2.  117 
sonus  .  .  .  qu£m  Musarum  convenientium  chorus  impendens  nup- 
tialibus  sacramentis  concinebat.  The  word  properly  means  something 
which  is  set  apart  as  sacred,  also,  in  the  active  sense,  something 
which  sets  apart;  the  latter  gives  its  commonest  meaning  in  classical 
Latin,  the  oath  of  allegiance  taken  by  a  soldier.  From  this  it  may  be 
used  to  mean  any  solemn  oath  or  pledge.  By  Christian  writers  it  is  used 
to  translate  the  Greek  [luaTTjptov,  and  appUed  to  the  sacraments  of  the 
church. 

34.  inprobe:  Vergil  makes  Dido  address  Aeneas  with  this  epithet  (Aen.  4. 
386),  also  with  perfide  {Aen.  4.  366). 

tendfs  with  accusative  of  limit  of  motion  =  "make  your  way  to,"  "go 
to,"  as  in  Verg.  Aen.  1.  553-4 

Si  dcUur  Italiam  sodis  et  rege  recepto 

Tendere 
and  6.  696  haec  limina  tendere  adegit. 

35.  nihil  est  quod  occurs  again  in  39  and  117.  In  39  it  is  used  in  a  somewhat 
different  sense,  and  is  followed  by  the  indicative. 

36-37.  Sed  regna  etc.:  this  refers  to  Aeneas'  defense  of  his  conduct,  end- 
ing with  Italiam  non  sponte  sequor  (Verg.  Aen.  4.  333-361)  and  Dido's 
scornful  reply  (376-380).     Cf.    Ov.  Epist.  7.  139 

**Sed  iubet  ire  deus".     VeUem  vetuisset  adire. 


24 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


40 


Si  datiir  ire,  placet;  nam  quod  fugls  unde  recursus, 
Vota  nocentis  habes.     Nihil  est  quod  dura  querellis 
Verba  fidemque  voco.     Quisquis  mea  vulnera  deflet, 
Invidiam  fecisse  neget;  trahit  omnia  casus. 
Dum  sortem  natura  rapit,  sua  taedia  solus 
Fallere  nescit  amor.     Reparatum  Cynthia  format 


38.  quod  A,  quo  a,  quonam  vd  iam  quo  Higt,  quid  Petschenig  41.  necat 
corr.  ex.  necant  A,  neget  Schroder,  negat  Wemsdorf  trai  A  42.  sorte  A 
capit  Petschenig,  parit  Baehrens  sua  .  .  .  amor  rubris  litteria,  ut  intercalaria 
plerumque,  A     43.     Reparato  Baehrens      quintia  A,  corr.  a 


37.  convincere:    cf.  Anth.  118.  3 

Sed  quia  fas  nidli  humanam  vincere  sortem. 
Ov.  Met.  2.  617-8    seraque  ope  vincere  fata    Nititur. 

Ad  Liv.  234    Non  tibi,  non  idlis,  vincere  fata  datur. 
The  compound  has  the  sense  of  the  simple  verb  vincere^  a  use  which  is 
one  of  the  characteristics  of  late  Latin.     There  is  no  reason  for  Baehrens' 
change  of  convincere  to  convertere,  nor  for  Riese's  reading  mecum    .    .    . 
coniungere. 

38.  placet:  sc.    mihi. 

38-41.  A  difficult  passage.  Wemsdorf  explains  vota  nocentis  as  propositum 
nocendi.  Nam  quod  .  .  .  habes  is  interpreted  by  Baehrens  thus: 
"Quod  eo  fugis  unde  facile  hue  redire  potes,  ideo  fraudem  adhibes;"  and 
by  Reise:  *'Quod  ad  me  redire  poteris,  ego  'nocens'  votis  meis  te  ire 
iubeo. "  The  latter  gives  the  most  satisfactory  sense,  and  is  adopted  in 
the  translation  above.  Nocentis  refers  to  Dido;  she  is  *'nocens**  as  a  re- 
sult of  her  wrongs.  The  vota  nocentis  are  wishes  such  as  those  given  by 
Vergil  Aen.  4.  381-4 

/,  sequere  Italiam  ventis,  pete  regna  per  undas; 

Spero  equidem  mediis,  si  quid  pia  numina  possunt^ 

Supplicia  hausurum  scopidis,  et  nomine  Dido 

Saepe  vocaturum. 
The  phrase  vota  nocentis  occurs  again  in  99. 

The  general  sense  of  the  passage  is  as  follows:  **If  your  departure 
were  really  the  will  of  the  gods,  I  would  offer  no  objection;  but  you  are 
only  making  their  commands  an  excuse;  the  fact  that  return  is  possible 
shows  that  the  separation  need  not  be  final  unless  you  wish  it.  But  my 
reproaches  are  useless;  after  all  it  is  not  your  guilt  that  is  the  cause  of 
my  suffering,  but  chance,  which  controls  everything. " 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


25 


the  destiny  that  controls  all  things.  If  it  is  fated  that  you  go, 
I  acquiesce;  for  it  is  because  you  flee  to  a  place  from  which  re- 
turn is  possible,  that  you  carry  with  you  the  curses  of  one  who 
would  do  you  harm.  But  it  is  of  no  avail  that  in  my  complaints 
I  call  your  words  and  your  faithlessness  cruel.  Let  all  who  weep 
for  my  wrongs  deny  that  hatred  was  their  cause;  chance  draws 
all  things  in  its  train. 

While  nature  hastens  on  its  appointed  course,  love  alone  can- 
not beguile  its  own  weariness.      Cynthia  renews  her  splendor 


39.  Nihil  est  etc.:  the  abrupt  change  of  thought  represents  the  sudden  var- 
iation of  Dido's  mood  as  she  wavers  between  anger  and  resignation;  cf. 
6-26  and  125. 

dura:  predicate  adjective  with  both  verba  and  fidem.    Hence  fidem  — 

lack  of  faith. 

querellis:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  4.  360 

Desine  meque  tuis  incendere  teque  qv^ereUis, 

41.  Invidiam:  subject  of  fecisse. 

trahit  omnia  casus:  cf.    Cic.  Epist.  4.  12.  1    quoniam  casus  et  natura  in 

nobis  dominatur. 

Verg.  Aen.  9.  723    qui  casus  agit  res. 

Ov.  Met.  7.  815  and  Trist.  2.  341    me  mea  fata  trahebant. 

Ars  3.  425     Casus  ubique  valet. 
Anth.  38.  1  Omnia  casus  agit. 
For  the  Epicurean  sentiment  cf.  121-2. 

42.  taedia:  cf.  Ov.  Epist.  3.  139 

Aut  si  versus  amor  tuus  est  in  taedia  nostri. 

42-43.  »iia  .  ;  .  amor:  this  refrain  is  repeated  nine  times,  marking 
off  the  different  aspects  of  nature  whose  changes  are  contrasted  with 
the  unchanging  grief  of  love.  The  refrain  probably  originated  among 
the  artificiahties  of  Alexandrian  poetry.  It  was  used  by  Theocritus  (1 
and  2),  and  from  him  was  adopted  by  Vergil  in  Ed.  8.  Catullus  em- 
ploys it  in  three  poems  (61,  62,  64),  and  Ovid  twice  makes  use  of  it  (Epist. 
9,  Am.  1.  6).  It  is  also  found  in  the  Pervigilium  Veneris,  in  Nemesianus 
(Ed.  4),  and  in  Calpumius  Siculus  {Ed.  11).  None  of  these  shows  the 
refrain  divided  between  two  lines,  as  here. 

43.  Fallere:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  4.  85     infandum  si  fallere  possit  amorem, 
Ov.  Trist.  3.  2.  16    Fallebat  curas  aegraque  corda  labor. 

Reparatum:  cf.  Hor.  Carm.  4.  7.  13 

Damna  tamen  celeres  reparant  caelestia  lunae. 
Ov.  Met.  1.  11     Nee  nova  crescendo  repardbat  comua  Phoebe. 
The  participle  is  used  proleptically — "forms  so  that  it  is  renewed." 


26 


An  Anonymous  Epistie  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


Lucis  honore  iubar  curvatis  cornibus  arcus, 
45.   Quod  de  fratre  rubet;  cessurus  lege  sorori 
Consumit  sua  iura  dies;  sic  continet  orbem. 
Dum  recipit  natura  vicem,  sua  taedia  solus 
Fallere  nescit  amor.     Mersum  pallentibus  umbris 
Circumdat  nox  atra  diem  fruiturque  tenebras 


44.    arous  A,  ardens  Maehlyj  altum  Baehrens    45.    Quod  A,  Quum  Higt 
47.    Du  A    49.    tenebras  A,  tenebris  a,  tenebrans  Baehrena 


44.  arcua:  Riese  marks  this  word  with  a  dagger  as  not  genuine,  and  emen- 
dations are  proposed  by  Maehly  and  Baehrens.  Its  use,  however,  can 
be  justified.  Though  arcus  is  apparently  not  elsewhere  used  of  the 
moon,  comua  is  regularly  applied  both  to  the  moon  and  to  a  bow. 
C3mthia,  the  moon  goddess,  was  represented  as  a  huntress  armed  with 
the  bow;  thus  we  have  here  a  confusion  between  the  goddess  drawing  her 
bow,  and  the  moon  itself  gradually  forming  a  complete  circle  as  it 
reaches  its  fulness.    Cf.    Sen.  Med.  97-8 

Cum  Phoebe  solidum  lumine  non  sua 
Orbem  circuitia  cornibus  aUigat. 

45.  Quod  refers  to  iuhar. 

rubet:  a  general  term  for  brightness,  not  referring  to  the  special  redness 
of  the  moon  at  certain  seasons;  so  also  in  Prop.  1.  10.  8  Et  mediis  caelo 
Luna  rvberet  equis.  Hor.  Carm.  2.  11.  10-11  Neque  uru>  Luna  rubern 
nitet  Voltu, 

45-46.    cessurus    .  .  .    dies:  cf.  CatuU.  5.  4-6 
Soles  occidere  et  redire  possunt; 
Nobis  cum  semel  occidit  brevis  lux^ 
Nox  est  perpetua  una  dormienda. 

sic:  "on  this  condition,"  referring  to  cessurus  lege  sorori. 

continet:  "encloses,  surrounds";  cf.  Enn.  Trag.  237-8 
Juppiter,  tuque  summe  Sol,  qui  res  omnis  spicis, 
Quique  tuo  cum  lumine  mare,  terram.  caelum  contines. 

The  word  is  similarly  used  with  reference  to  aether  by  Pacuv.  Trag.  86 

quod  complexu  continet  terram,  and  by  Lucr.  5.  318-9  quod  omnem  Continet 

amplexu  terram. 


46 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


27 


^ith  the  glory  of  light,  and  curves  the  horns  of  her  bow, 
glowing  with  brightness  borrowed  from  her  brother.  The  god 
of  day,  destined  by  law  to  yield  in  turn  to  his  sister,  uses  up  his 
privileges;  thus  he  encompasses  the  earth  with  light.  While 
nature  renews  her  changes,  love  alone  cannot  beguile  its  own 
weariness. 

Black  night  envelopes  the  day,  plunging  it  in  dim  shadows, 
and  enjoys  the  darkness  in  accordance  with  the  law  of  the 


46-47.  Riese  and  other  editors  punctuate  with  a  period  after  dies,  making 
sic  .  .  .  vicem  one  sentence.  The  dum  clause,  however,  gives  bet- 
ter sense  if  taken  with  what  follows,  and  the  introduction  of  the  refrain 
in  this  way  is  parallel  with  42. 

48.  Mersum:  proleptic,  cf.  reparatum,  v.  43.  Mergo  is  used  of  the  sun  dis- 
appearing beneath  the  horizon.    Cf.  Sen.  Thyest.  776-7 

O  Phoebe  patiens,  fugeris  retro  licet, 

Medioque  ruptum  merseris  caelo  diem. 
Lucan.  4.  282    Svhstituit  merso  dum  nox  sua  lumina  Phoebo. 
pallentibus  umbris  suggests  the  pale  shades  of  the  dead,  cf .  Verg.  Aen. 
4.  26    paUerUes  umbras  Erebi.     Possibly  the  writer  has  in  mind  the  voy- 
age of  the  sun-god  through  the  realm  of  the  dead  beneath  the  earth. 

49.  tenebras,  the  ms.  reading,  has  been  changed  to  the  ablative  by  most  ed- 
itors. The  accusative  should  be  kept,  for  the  deponent  verbs  which  take 
the  ablative  in  classical  Latin  are  found  with  the  accusative  in  early  and 
late  Latin.     (See  Lane,  Lat.  Gram.    §  1380,  Schmalz  p.  382.)  E.  g. 

Cato  Agr.  149.  1     pabulum  f rut  occipito. 

Lucr.  3.  940    ea  quae  fructus  cumque  es,  periere  profusa. 

Ter.  Haui.  401     meo  modo  ingenium  frui. 

Apul. Met.  8.  12    nuptias  non  frueris. 

Apol.  72     prospectum  maris  me  esse  fruiturum. 
Tert.  Virg.  Vel.  17    dimidiam  frui  lucem. 

Patient.  1     super  eo  quod  frui  non  datur. 


28 


50 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 

Lege  poli,  peraguntque  micantia  sidera  cursus. 
Navifragi  tacet  unda  salis,  nee  murmurat  auster, 
Nee  flexum  quatit  aura  nemus.     Sua  taedia  solus 
Fallere  nescit  amor.     Pinnis  modo  garrula  pendens 
lam  Philomela  tacet  damno  male  victa  pudoris, 


61.    Nauifrage  A,  can.  a    sali  Burman    52.    Ne  A    53.    pinnis  (primis  a) 
garuli  mane  pendens  A,  modo  scripsi,  ramis  male  garrula  pendens  Burman 
pmms  ad  germma  tendens  Baehrens,  pinnas   curvamine   pandens  Traublt 
54.    filomela  A    picta  A,  victa  Burman 


50.  Riese  supposes  a  lacuna  between  50  and  51,  containing  the  end  of  the 
comparison  between  day  and  night,  and  the  beginning  of  one  between 
calm  and  storm.  There  is  no  necessity  for  this;  peace  and  quiet  are 
regarded  as  an  essential  element  of  night,  as  in  Vergil's  description  (Aen. 
4.  522-8)  which  this  passage  imitates.  Other  aspects  of  night  are 
dealt  with  in  the  next  two  "stanzas." 

micantia  is  regularly  used  of  the  stars,  e.  g.  Lucr.  5.  1205,  Hor.  Carm  1 
12.  46,  Sen.  Here.  Fur.  125,  Oed.  46,  etc. 

51.  Navifragi:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  3.  553  navifragum  Scylaceum,  sjidOv,  Met. 
14.  6.  navifragum  fretum. 

52.  flexum:  proleptic,  cf.  reparatum,  43,  and  mersum,  48. 

53.  The  unmetrical  ms.  reading  has  caused  great  difficulty.  Riese  adopts 
the  change  due  to  Burman,  explaining  maU  garrula  aa  ^  iam  non  ga- 
rula.  It  IS  true  that  male  with  certain  adjectives  practicaUy  =  non,  but 
only  with  adjectives  whose  meaning  is  such  that  the  qualifying  adverb 

badly"  would  negative  their  meaning,  as  is  the  case  with  sanus,  gratus, 
fidus.     " Badly  garrulous, "  however,  is  not  equivalent  to  "silent. " 
Further,  pinnis  has  to  be  changed  to  ramis  to  fit  the  context.    Other 
emendations  proposed  by  Baehrens  and  Traube  have  stiU  less  probabil- 
ity. 

It  seems  possible  to  correct  the  line  with  a  slighter  change  than  any 
of  the  above.  The  translation  of  the  line  offers  no  difficulty  as  the  ms. 
reads;  some  adverb  of  time  is  expected  in  contrast  with  iam  in  the  next 
line.  When  mane  and  garrula  are  transposed,  the  only  difficulty  remain- 
ing  IS  the  scansion  of  mane.  I  would  substitute  modo  for  the  unmetrical 
mane.  Modo  is  found  in  1 12  and  135  in  the  sense  of /ote/j/.  Mane  m&y 
have  found  its  way  into  the  text  as  a  gloss;  this  would  account  for  ita 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


29 


heavens;  the  twinkling  stars  complete  their  courses.  The  waves 
of  the  shipwrecking  sea  are  still,  the  south  wind  makes  no 
murmur,  no  breeze  bends  and  sways  the  woods.  Love  alone 
cannot  beguile  its  own  weariness. 

The  nightingale,  but  lately  singing,  poised  on  her  wings,  now 
is  silent,  utterly  overcome  by  the  loss  of  her  chastity;  shelter- 
ing in  her  embrace  her  twittering  nestlings  near  the  tree-top, 


being  misplaced  in  the  line. 

Another  way  of  solving  the  difficulty  is  to  keep  mane,  scanning  it  with 
the  a  short,  and  assuming  that  the  poet  has  made  a  mistake  in  the  quan- 
tity.    This  explanation  is  by  no  means  impossible  in  a  work  as  late  as 
this;  it  would  be,  however,  the  only  wrong  quantity  in  the  poem. 
pinnis  pendere  occurs  also  in  Ovid,  cf. 
Met.  6.  667-8     Corpora  Cecropidum  pinnis  pendere  putares; 

Pendebant  pinnis. 
Met.  7.  379  Foetus  olor  niveis  pendebat  in  aera  pinnis. 

garrulus  is  frequently  used  of  birds,  e.  g.  (of  the  nightingale)  Mart  14 
75 

Flet  Philomela  nefas  incesti  Tereos,  et  quae 
Muta  pvMla  juiX,  garrula  fertur  avis. 
Plin.  Nat.  10.  43.  81    Lusciniis  diebus  ac  noctibus  continuis  quindecim 
garrulus  sine  intermissu  canius. 

The  nightingale  was  regarded  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  as  a  har- 
binger of  dawn  and  a  singer  by  day  as  well  as  by  night.  For  complete 
discussion,  with  many  quotations,  see  E.  W.  Martin,  Birds  of  the  Latin 
Poets,  pp.  125-142  and  236-244;  E.  W.  Fay,  Class.  Rev.  1904  pp.  303  ff., 
and  a  series  of  articles  by  E.  H.  Barker,  Class.  Jour.  27.  p.  92,  29.  p.  255.' 
30.  pp.  180  and  341. 

64.   damno  pudoris:  cf. 

Ov.  Ars  1.  100    Ille  locus  casti  damna  pudoris  habet. 
Claud.  15.  188    damna  pudoris  turpia. 
kpxA.Met.  9.  27    damno  pudicitia^  commotus. 


t' 


i 


30 


An  Anonymous  ''   '  He  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


An  Anonymous  Epistle^'     Dido  to  Aeneas 


31 


55 


60 


Amplexuque  fovens  c         los  sub  culmine  nidos 
Pensat  amore  nefas,  m    orasque  alitura  querellas 
Nocte  premit  quod  luc    dolet.     Sua  taedia  solus 
Fallere  nescit  amor.     Nunc  iam  bene  iunctus  amantem 
Ardor  alit  thalamique  fidem  sua  pignera  conplent, 
Coniunx  laeta  viro,  felix  uxore  maritus. 
Vota  recenset  amor  secretaque  dulcia;  somnus 
Concordat  cum  nocte  torum.     Sua  taedia  solus 
Fallere  nescit  amor.     Fecundo  semine  rerum 


55.  Amplexusque  A,  can.  a  nidi  Burman,  natos  Maehly  57.  foriasse, 
Nocte  gemit  Riese  58.  amantes  Maehly  59.  talamiq;  A  pignej  A 
m.  pr.  60.  uxores  maritos  A,  corr.  a  61.  recens  et  m.  rec.  in  A  disiunxit, 
repensat  Petschenig    62.     Consociat  Maehly    63.     Fallerere  A 


55.  nidos:  nestlings.     Cf. 

Verg.  Aen.  5.  214  Cui  domus  et  dulcea  latehroso  in  pumice  nidi. 
12.475  Pabula  parva  legena,  nidisque  loqiuicihus  escas. 
Georg.  4.17  Ore  ferunt  duLcem  nidis  immitibiLs  escam. 
Ov.  Medic.  77  Addita  de  querulo  volucrum  medicamina  nido. 
Sen.  Here.  Fur.  148-9  querulos  inter  nidos 

Thracia  paelex. 

culmine:  the  top  of  a  tree.     Cf.  Stat.  Theh.  7.  800    iam  frondea  nutant 
culmina  and  Sil.  5.  514     (Vulcanus  aesculi)  culmina  torret. 
66.  Pensat:    cf.  Ov.  Epist.  2. 143    Stat  nece  matura  lenerum  pensare  pudorem. 
amore:  i.  e.  her  love  for  her  young. 

alitura:  the   author  shows  marked  fondness  for  the  future  participle, 
cf.  cessuruSy  45,  and  'peritura,  74  and  87. 

querellas:  used  here  with  reference  to  the  story  of  Philomela's  meta- 
morphosis, as  also  in 
Verg.  Georg.  4.  511-2    QucUis  popidea  maerens  Philomela  sub  umbra 

Amissos  queritur  fetus. 
Hor.  Carm.  4. 12.  5-6  Nidum  ponit  ItynflebUiter  gemens 

Infelix  avis. 
Ov.  Fast.  4.  481-2        Quaecumque  ingreditur  miseris  loca  cuncta  querellis 

Implet,  ut  amissum  cum  gemit  ales  Ityn. 
Querella  and  the  related  words,  however,  are  often  used  of  the  song  of 
birds  in  general.    Cf .  querulos,  55,  and 
Hor.  Epod.  2.  26    Querunlur  in  sUvis  aves. 
Ov.  Am,  3.  1.  4      Et  latere  ex  omni  dulce  querunter  av68. 


she  finds  in  love  the  compensation^  -^fcer  wrong,  and  though 
she  will  again  cherish  her  sorrowfuf '^complaints,  she  now  at 
night  represses  the  laments  whic3  she  utters  in  the  day. 
Love  alone  cannot  beguile  its  own  weariness. 

Now  the  ardor  of  well-mated  love  fosters  the  lover's  affection, 
and  the  fidelity  of  the  marriage  chamber  is  made  perfect  by 
those  who  pledge  it,  the  wife  rejoicing  in  her  husband,  the  hus- 
band happy  in  his  wife.  Love  reviews  its  desires  and  secret 
joys;  sleep  and  night  complete  their  wedded  harmony.  Love 
alone  cannot  beguile  its  own  weariness. 


58 


59 


Cf.  Porphyrio's  scholium  on  Hor.  Epod.  2.  26  "Queruntur,"  inquit, 
quoniam  veteres  omnium  animxilium  voces  praeterquam  hominum  ^'que- 
reUas"  dicebant.  For  a  discussion  of  this  use  of  qu£ror  see  T.  Frank, 
American  Journal  of  Philology  34,  p.  322. 

iunctus:  transferred  epithet.  Cf.  Ov.  Epist.  13.  117  Quando  erit  ut 
lecto  mecum  bene  iunctus  in  uno. 

amantem:  there  is  no  need  of  Maehly 's  somewhat  prosaic  change  to  the 
plural. 

pignera:  cf.  109,  where  the  form  pignore  is  used. 
60.  Cf.  Ov.  Met.  7.  799  Coniuge  eram  felix,  felix  erat  Ula  marito.  Coniunx 
and  maritus  are  in  apposition  with  pignora.  The  emphasis  is  on  the  ad- 
jectives laeta  and  felix  rather  than  on  the  nouns,  i.  e.  the  fact  that  hus- 
band and  wife  rejoice  in  each  other  is  a  pledge  that  they  will  be  faithful 
to  each  other. 

62.  Concordat:  cf.  Pervig.  Ven.  3     Vere  concordant  amores. 
Papin.  Dig.  48.  5.  12    bene  concordatum  matrimonium. 
Concordo  is  more  commonly  intransitive,  but  the  Thesaurus  cites  a  num- 
ber of  instances  of  its  transitive  use,  as  here. 
semine  rerum:    cf.  Lucr.  1.  58-60 

Quae  (primordia)  nos  materiem  et  genitalia  ccrrpcrra  rebus 

Reddunda  in  ratione  vocare  et  semine  rerum 

Appellare  suemus. 
Ov.  Met.  1.  419    fecundaque  semina  rerum. 

This  is  one  of  the  expressions  that  show  the  influence  of  Epicureanism 
on  our  author;  cf .  41  and  121-2. 


63 


i*i 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


33 


32 


65 


70 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 

Mutat  terra  vices  et  alumni  temporis  auras 
Laeta  vocat;  spisso  revirescit  gramine  campus 
Et  vitreas  ligat  herba  comas  nee  fallit  aristas 
Proventu  meliore  dies.     Sua  taedia  solus 
Fallere  nescit  amor.     Fessus  iuga  solvit  arator 
Et  noctem  per  vota  capit;  reparare  labores 
Novit  grata  quies,  nee  cessat  reddere  vires 
Infusus  per  membra  sopor  rurisque  ministram 
Ruricolis  dat  semper  opem.     Sua  taedia  solus 
Fallere  nescit  amor.     Reparant  sua  litora  ponti 


64.  autumni  i4,  alumni  Baehrens,  uemi  Heinse  65.  reuiuescit  A,  reuiuiscit 
a  a,  reuirescit  Burman  cSpos  A,  corr.  a  66.  uirides  Burman  liga'  erba 
A,  leuat  (vel  rigat)  Higt,  agit  Maehly  fallid  A  aristas  A,  aristae  Wemsdorf, 
arista  Baehrens  67.  Prouentum  ...  die  A,  Prouentu  .  .  .  dies 
Burman,  Prouentus  ...  die  Wemsdorf,  Prouentum  .  .  .  Me  Baeh- 
rens 68.  Fallerere  A  soluet  A  69.  capit  A,  rapit  Burman,  cupit  Maehly 
lahori  Schrader  70.  Nonuibrataquies  A,  corr.  o  necessat  A  71.  rurisq; 
A,  noctisque  volgo,  lucisque  Baehrens  ministra  Oudendorp,  noctique  minis- 
trans  Maehly    73.     sua  A,  sub  Baehrens    litura  A 


64.  Mutat  terra  vices:  taken  from  Hor.  Carm.  4.  7.  3.     Cf.  also  65-66  with 
1-2  of  the  same  ode: 

Diffugere  nives,  redeunt  iam  gramina  campis^ 
Arboribusque  comae. 
See  note  on  43,  where  this  ode  of  Horace  was  imitated. 
alumni  temporis    =     spring.     According  to  the  Thesaurus,  alumnus  with 

active  meaning  is  quite  common,  e.  g. 
Mart.  12.  60  .1  Martis  alumne  dies. 

Auson.  381.  7-8  Hoc  numero  mensisqv£  Numae  redit,  autumnique 

Principium  referens  Bacchi  September  alumnus, 
Isid.  Orig.  10.  3  et  qui  edit  et  alitur  alumnus  did  potest, 
alumni    .  .  .    auras:    cf.  Lucr.  1.  10-11 

Nam  simid  ac  species  patefactast  vema  diei, 
Et  reserata  viget  genitcUibus  aura  favoni. 
66.   vitreas  .   .   .  comas:  of  the  grain  bound  into   sheaves.     Vitreas  refers 
to  the  brilliant  semi-transparent  appearance  of  the  ripe  grain.     This  ad- 
jective is  frequently  applied  to  water,  in  the  sense  of  clear  or  shining. 
Both  herba  and  coma  are  often  used  of  grain,  e.  g. 
Verg.  Georg.  1.  134    svlds  frumenti  quaereret  herbam. 
Prop.  4.  2.  14  Et  coma  lactenti  spicea  fruge  tumet. 


By  the  life-giving  principle  of  nature  earth  brings  her  changes 
and  gladly  summons  the  breezes  of  the  fostering  season;  the 
fields  are  clothed  again  with  the  thick  verdure  of  grass,  the  grain 
binds  its  shining  tresses,  and  the  advancing  season  does  not 
cheat  the  ears  of  grain  of  their  promise  of  a  better  harvest.  Love 
alone  cannot  beguile  its  own  weariness. 

The  weary  plowman  unfastens  the  yoke,  and  welcomes  the 
night  in  answer  to  his  prayers;  grateful  rest  has  power  to  refresh 
his  toil,  sleep,  pervading  his  limbs,  is  not  slow  to  restore  his  en- 
ergy, and  at  all  times  brings  to  husbandmen  strength  to  care 
for  their  fields.     Love  alone  cannot  beguile  its  own  weariness. 

The    seas    by    their    incoming    tides    restore    their    shores 


71 


Ov.  Fast.  3.  854  Sustvlerat  nidlas,  ut  solet,  herba  corruis. 

Am.  3. 10. 11-12  Prima  Ceres  docuit  turgescere  semen  in  agriSt 

Falce  coloratas  svbsecuitque  conuLS. 
Met.  5.  482  Primis  segetes  mxyriuntur  in  herbis. 

67.  Proventu:  ablative  of  separation,  as  with  verbs  of  depriving. 
dies:  in  the  general  sense  of  a  period  of  time. 

68.  Fessus  etc.:  cf.  Verg.  Eel.  4.  41 

Robustus  quoque  iam  tauris  iuga  solvet  arator. 

69.  noctem  capit  seems  to  be  a  reminiscence  of  Verg.  Aen.  4.  529-31 

neque  umquam 

Solvitur  in  somnos,  oculisve  aut  pectore  noctem 

Accipit. 
Here  capit  is  somewhat  stronger  than  receives  or  accepts,  having  rather 
the  force  of  captat;  literally,  "grasps  at  the  night  through  prayers." 
reparare  labores:  cf.  Ov.  Met.  11.  623-5 

Somne,  quies  rerum,  pladdissime,  Somne,  deorum, 

Pax  animi,  quem  cura  fugit,  qui  corda  diumis 

Fessa  ministeriis  mulces  reparasque  labori. 

ruris:  objective  genitive  with  the  adjective  ministram:  ^'miilistering  to 
the  country";  Riese  translates  it  "ackerpflegende  Kraft"  (Jahrbucher 
far  Philologie  und  Paedagogik  121,  p.  262). 


w% 


34 


75 


80 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 

Successu  post  damna  suo,  perituraque  ludunt 
Incrementa  maris  dubii,  regit  aequora  fluctus 
Lite  sua,  vicibusque  suis  quod  deperit  auget. 
Officiis  natura  vacat.     Sua  taedia  solus 

Fallere  nescit  amor 

gemmatis  roscida  verni 

Rident  prata  rosis  et  floribus  arva  tumescunt. 
Pictus  ager  sub  flore  latet,  dat  fronde  coronas 
Lascivis  natura  rosis.     Sua  taedia  solus 
Fallere  nescit  amor.     Nee  grata  silentia  noctis 
Nee  somni  pia  dona  placent,  nee  munera  lucis 


74.  Successus  per  damna  suos  A,  post  Burman,  Successu  et  suo  Riese  75. 
regunt  equara  A,  com.  a  fluxus  Higt  76.  Lite  A,  Lege  Wemsdorf  augens 
Baehrens  77.  uacans  Higt  78.  Discussis  imbribus  atra  Cum  requievit 
hiems  add.  L.  Mueller  inter  amor  et  gemmatis  uesui  A,  verni  Riese,  Vesbi  Bur- 
man,  uisu  vel  ubiuis  Wemsdorf,  veris  Birt  79.  tumescit  A  80.  fronte  oc 
eoronQ  A,  coronas  a    82.    ne  grada  A,  corr.  a 


74.  Riese's  emendation  has  been  adopted  in  the  text  as  the  best  correction  of 
this  corrupt  line. 

Successu  =  "the  rising  tide."  The  word  is  used,  though  not  very 
commonly,  in  its  literal  sense  of  "advance"  or  "approach,"  therefore 
may  naturally  be  apphed  to  the  tide.  Accessus  is  used  of  the  tide,  cf. 
Cic.  Div.  2.  34  aestibus  .  .  .  quorum  accessus  et  recessus  lunae  motu 
gubemantur. 

For  damna  and  incrementa  referring  to  the  tide  cf.  Sen.  Dial.  12.  9.  6 
modo  oLlevans  nos  subitis  incrementis,  modo  maioribus  damnis  deferens. 

75.  fluctus  must  here  mean  "tide." 

76.  I^:  most  editors  have  adopted  Wemsdorf  *8  emendation,  fe^c.  It  seems 
quite  possible,  however,  to  keep  the  ms.  reading,  making  it  refer  to  the 
conflict  of  the  alternate  ebb  and  flow;  cf.  Ov.  Fast.  1.  107-8 

Ut  semel  haec  rerum  secessit  lite  suarum, 
Inque  novas  abiit  massa  soluta  domos. 

77.  Oflciis:  dative. 

78.  One  line  is  lacking  to  the  number  elsewhere  found  between  the  refrains; 
also  as  the  text  stands  in  the  ms.,  this  "stanza"  lacks  the  contrast  which 
is  brought  out  in  all  the  others.  The  line  supplied  by  L.  MuUer  (p.  584) 
gives  the  sense  that  is  evidently  required.  Wemsdorf  and  Baehrens 
place  the  lacuna  after  80,  and  Birt  after  79. 


Ah  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


35 


again  after  their  losses,  the  rising  waves  of  the  ever  changing 
ocean  play  along  the  shore,  though  destined  to  recede,  the  tide 
rules  the  deep  by  its  own  alternation,  and  in  due  succession  re- 
stores all  that  is  lost.     Nature  has  time  to  fufill  her  tasks.     Love 

alone  cannot  beguile  its  own  weariness 

the  dewy  meadows  in  springtime  smile  with  jewelled  roses,  and 
the  fields  burst  into  bloom.  The  ground  is  hidden  beneath  an 
embroidery  of  flowers,  and  nature,  with  a  riotous  abundance  of 
roses,  provides  leafy  garlands.  Love  alone  cannot  beguile  its 
own  weariness. 

But  neither  the  welcome  silence  of  night  nor  the  blessed  boon 
of  sleep  brings  any  relief,  nor  does  love  enjoy  the  gifts  of 


gemmatis:  bejewelled  with  drops  of  dew;  suggested  by  roscida. 
Cf.  Lucr.  2.  319    Invitant  herbae  gemmantes  rore  recenti. 
Culex  70-71  Florida  cum  teUus  gemmantes  picta  per  herbas 

Vere  notai  dubiis  distincta  coloribus  arva. 
verni:  the  ms.  reading  Vesui  (for  Vesuvi)  is  hardly  possible.  Aside 
from  the  anachronism  of  making  Dido  mention  a  place  in  Italy,  as  Wems- 
dorf points  out,  there  is  no  reason  for  the  choice  of  this  particular  local- 
ity. Wernsdorf's  change  to  visu  is  easy  palaeographically,  but  there  is 
no  point  in  the  use  of  this  word.  Riese's  verni  or  Birt's  veris  makes  much 
better  sense. 

79.  For  rideo  used  metaphorically  cf. 

Catull.  64.  284  Quo  permvlsa  domus  iucundo  risit  odore. 

Verg.  Ed.  4.  20        Mixtaque  ridenti  colocasia  fundet  acantho. 
Ov.  Met.  15.  204-5  fiorumque  coloribus  almus  Ridet  ager. 

80.  Pictus:  cf.  Lucr.  5.  1395-6 

Praesertim  cum  tempestas  ridebat  et  anni  ' 

Tempora  pingebant  viridantis  floribus  herbas. 

and  Culez  70-71,  cited  on  78. 

fronde  coronas:  cf.  Lucr.  1.  118  perenni  fronde  coronam. 

fronde  is  ablative  of  material,  which  is  rare  without  a  limiting  adjective; 

see  Lane   §  1313;  but  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  5.  663  pictas  abiete  puppis, 

81.  Lascivis:    "luxuriant;"  cf.  Hor.  Carm.  1.  36.  18-20 

nee  Damalis  novo 
Divelletur  aduUero 
Lascivis  hederis  ambitiosior. 
This  passage  is  not  quite  parallel,  for  lascivis  has  a  more  figurative  mean- 
ing than  in  the  text. 
83.  pia:  because  sleep  is  a  gift  of  the  gods;  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  2.  269  (quies)  dono 
divom  gratissima  serpit. 


¥ 


^ 


36 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


Carpit  et  indutias  fugientis  non  capit  anni; 
85    Sed  sua  victus  amor  tantummodo  vulnera  pascit 

Inter  mille  dolos  totidemque  piacula  fraudis. 

Vota  queror:  vellem  tacitis  peritura  querellis 

Flere  domo,  vellem  tacitos  consumere  fletus. 

Sed  negat  ipse  dolor  quod  iam  pudor  ante  negavit; 
90    Scribere  iussit  amor  miseram  me,  cuius  honestam 

Fecit  culpa  fidem.     Poteram  dispergere  ponto 


85.  poscit  A,  corr.  a  86.  toditemq;  A  piacula  A,  pericula  5cAradcr  87. 
Vota  A,  Nota  volgo  tacitis  A,  placidis  a,  placitis  Ondendorp,  tacita  Traube 
88.  tacitSs  umere  A,  consumere  Burmany  tacitos  profundere  a,  iam 
tabida  fundere  RiesCy  Cocyto  fundere  Traube  91.  culpam  A,  culpam  idem 
Winterfeld 


84.  Carpit:  sc.  amor,  from  the  refrain,  82.     Cf. 

Verg.  Aen.  4.  522-3  placidum  carpebant  fessa  soporem 

Corpora. 
4.  555      carpebat  somnos. 
7.  414     Iam  m^diam  nigra  carpebat  node  quietem. 

indutias:  trisyllabic;  unless  u  is  regarded  as  short;  see  note  on  mane^  53. 

85.  sua:  equivalent  to  subjective  genitive — "inflicted  by  itself." 
vulnera  pascit:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  4.  2    wlnv^  alit  venis. 

86.  piacula  has  generally  been  changed  to  pericida;  but  it  may  be  explained 
as  sufferings  that  are  an  expiation  of  Dido's  faithlessness  to  her  husband's 
memory,  though  this  aspect  of  her  grief  is  not  brought  out  elsewhere  in 
the  poem. 

87.  Vota  seems  to  be  used  as  accusative  of  inner  object  with  queror,  though 
it  is  a  striking  instance  of  that  construction.  Cf .  137  mcUa  vota  cupis 
and  Ov.  Met.  9.  303-4  moturaque  dura^ 

Verba  queror  silices. 

88 .  domo :  "at  home",  i.  e.  in  private,  to  myself.  Domo  for  domi,  though  rare, 
is  found  even  in  classical  writers,  e.  g.  Cic.  Clu.  27,  Varro  Rtist.  1.  8.  2, 
Nep.  Epam.  10.  3,  Suet.  Caes.  20. 1,  Apul.  Apol.  541. 


An  Anonymous  EpisHe  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


37 


light  nor  take  any  respite  throughout  the  fleeting  year;  but 
baffled  in  its  hopes  it  only  keeps  alive  its  own  wounds,  in  the 
midst  of  a  thousand  deceits  and  as  many  atonements  for  faith- 
lessness. 

I  break  forth  into  complaining  wishes :  I  would  rather  weep  at 
home,  doomed  to  perish  with  complaints  unuttered,  I  would 
rather  exhaust  my  sorrow  in  silence.  But  grief  itself  denies  me 
what  shame  before  denied.  Love  has  bidden  me  write,  hapless 
that  I  am,  who  by  my  own  fault  have  made  an  honorable  compact. 


tacitos  consumere:  Burman's  correction,  to  which  the  ms.  seems  to  point. 
For  consumere  cf.  Cic.  PhU.  2.  64  Consumptis  enim  lacrimis  tamen  in' 
fixus  animx)  haeret  dolor. 

Sen.  Dial.  6.  8.  1    Dolorem  dies  longa  consumit. 

89.  quod  pudor  negavit:  i.  e.  the  comfort  of  the  free  expression  of  her  feel- 
ings, cf.  6  and  22-3.  Pudor  at  first  kept  her  from  making  any  appeal; 
now  dolor  does  not  allow  her  the  solace  of  keeping  her  suffering  to  her- 
self. 

90.  Scribere  iussit  amor:  cf.  Ov.  Epist.  4.  10 

Dicere  quae  puduit,  scribere  iu>ssit  ormw, 
and  20.  230    Ha£c  tibi  me  vigUem  scribere  iussit  amor. 

For  pudor  and  amor  opposed  to  each  other  cf . 
Ov.  Am.  3.  10.  28-9      Hinc  pudor,  ex  iUa  parte  trahebat  amor\ 

Victus  amore  pudor. 
Met.  9.  514-5         Coget  amor,  potero;  vet  si  pudor  ora  tenebU, 

LUtera  celatos  arcana  fatebitur  ignes. 

miseram  me:   a  common  expression  in  Vergil,  e.  g. 

Georg.  4.  494     ''Quis  et  me"  inquit  "miseram  et  te  perdiditt** 

Ed.  2.  58    Quid  volui  misero  mihU 

Aen.  2.  70    Quid  iam  misero  mihi  denique  restatf 

See  also  Aen.  4.  315,  420;  9.  285;  10.  849. 

91.  culpa:  nominative;  Uterally  "whose  fault  has  made,"  etc.  The  word 
refers  to  Dido's  love,  which  restrains  her  from  doing  Aeneas  any  harm. 
The  expression  is  thus  interpreted  by  Wernsdorf:  *' Miseram  me,  quae 
mea  culpa  honestum  hospitii  et  coniugii  foedus  cum  Aenea  feci,  cuius 
fide  nunc  impedior  quominus  nefas  aUquod  in  eum  cogitare  et  me  ul- 
cisci  possim." 

Poteram:  i.  e.  *'I  was  angry  enough  to."    Cf.  Verg.  Aen.  4.  600-602 
Non  potui  abreptum  diveUere  corpus  et  undis 
Spargere,  non  socios,  non  ipsum  absumere  ferro 
Ascanium  patriisque  epulandum  ponere  m^nsisf 


38 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


Membra  manusque  tuas  miseramque  tumentibus  undis 
Praecipitare  diem,  poteram  crescentis  luli 
Rumpere  fata  manu  parvumque  resolvere  corpus 

95     Morte  gravi  mersumque  in  viscera  figere  ferrum 
Vel  dare  membra  feris;  sed  nostro  pectore  pulsum 
Cessit  amore  nefas,  et  honesta  pericula  passus 
Corda  ligavit  amor.     Quis  tantum  in  hospite  vellet 
Hoc  audere  nefas?     Quis  vota  nocentis  habere? 

100  Nullus  amor  sub  fraude  latet.     Cui  digna  rependes, 


92.  eeramque  Burman  94.  fatft  A  95.  Moxte  A,  can.  Heinae  96. 
mensa  A,  membra  a  97.  Crescit  A,  Cessit  Schroder,  Higt  honestas  A,  corr, 
a  98.  ligat  A,  ligavit  viUgo,  liquauit  Maehly,  fatigat  Baehrens  hospide 
uellit  A  99.  audire  A  100.  laude  A,  corde  a,  labe  Baehrens,  fraude 
Rieee    100,  105,  111,  116.  digne  A,  corr.  a 


92.  manus  seems  to  be  added  to  membra  only  to  make  an  alliterative  phrase  * 
though  it  may  have  been  suggested  by  Ovid*s  account  of  the  killing  o 
Absyrtus  by  Medea,  where  the  hands  are  mentioned  particularly;  cf 
Trist.  3.  9.  27-30 

Atgue  ita  diveUit,  divtUsaque  membra  per  agros 

Dissipat,  in  mtdtis  invenienda  locis; 
Neu  pater  ignoret,  scopulo  proponit  in  alio 

Pallentesqtie  manus,  sanguineumque  caput, 
miseram  diem:  day  of  death.     Miser  is  found  in  inscriptions  referring 
to  the  dead.     Cf.  Isid.  Orig.  10.  173    Miser—secundum  autem  Ocer- 
onem  proprie  mortuus,  qui  in  Tusculanis  miseros  mortuos  vocat,  propter 
quod  iam  amiserunt  vitam.     Cf.  Cic.  Tusc.  1.  9. 

93.  Praecipitare:  cf.  Quint.  Decl.  4.  10  Miraris  quod  suprema  mea  ipse  prae- 
cipitem. 

Lucan.  7.  51-2    sua  quisque  ac  publica  fata    Praecipitare  cupit. 
crescentis:  cf.  Verg.  Eel  7.  25     hedera  crescentem  ornate  poetam. 
Verg.  Aen  4.  274    Ascanium  surgentem  et  spes  heredis  luli. 
Ov.  Met.  14.  583    opibus  crescentis  luli. 

94.  Rumpere  fata:  break  off  the  thread  of  life  spun  by  the  Fates. 

Cf .  Verg.  Aen.  4.  631    Invisam  quaerens  quam  primum  abrumpere  lucem. 
Sil.  6.  510-11  vel  si  stat  rumpere  vitam 

In  patria  moriamur. 
7.  33  Hie  ardens  extrema  malis  et  rumpere  vitam, 

2.  597-8       abrumpere  vitam    ....    quaerunt. 
(In  Verg.  Aen.  6.  882     si  qua  fata  aspera  rumpas     the  expression  has  a 
different  sense.) 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


39 


I  could  have  scattered  your  limbs  and  your  hands  over  the  sea, 
and  hastened  your  evil  day  of  death  in  the  swelling  waves;  I 
could  have  snapped  the  thread  of  life  of  the  growing  boy  lulus 
with  my  own  hand,  and  destroyed  his  little  body  by  a  cruel 
death ;  I  could  have  fixed  the  steel  deep  in  his  flesh,  or  given  his 
limbs  to  wild  beasts;  but  the  evil  impulse  has  departed,  driven 
from  my  heart  by  love,  and  love,  having  endured  honorable 
dangers,  has  restrained  my  angry  feelings.  Who  would  dare  to 
commit  so  great  a  wrong  as  this  against  a  guest?  Who  would 
wish  to  have  the  curses  of  one  who  would  do  him  harm? 
No  love    is    hidden    beneath    treachery.      Whom    will    you 


resolvere:  destroy  or  kill;  the  simple  verb  solvo  is  generally  used  in  this 

sense.    Cf. 

Sen.  Epist.  66.  43    alius  inter  cenandum  soluius  est. 

Tro.  600-601  mc  fala  maturo  exitu 

Fa>ciliqu£  solvant. 
Curt.  8.9.  32  corporibus  quae  senectu^  solvit. 

Flor  Epit.  2.21. 11  sic  morte  quasi  somno  soluta  est, 

97.  honesta  pericula:  the  phrase  occurs  again  in  136. 

98.  Corda:  "anger";  cf. 

Verg.  Aen.  1.  303    ponuntque  ferocia  Poeni  corda. 

6.  407  tumida  ex  ira  tum  corda  residunt. 

Val.  Flac.  6.  2  (Mars)  acri  corde  tumet. 

Sil.  10.  490  mansuescere  corda  nescia. 

in  hospite:  in  two  other  places  in  the  poem  (119  and  132)  initial  h  is 
counted  as  a  consonant  and  makes  position.  This  was  the  rule  in  Chris- 
tian poets,  cf.  Muller  pp.  14,  382,  391.  It  is  first  found  in  Porphyrins 
(early  4th  century),  it  appears  also  in  Juvencus,  Ausonius,  Dracontius, 
Venantius  Fortunatus,  Luxorius.  Our  author  is  not  consistent  in  his 
treatment  of  initial  h,  for  there  are  16  places  where,  as  in  classical  poetry, 
it  fails  to  make  position. 

99.  Hoc  nefas:  the  cruelty  which  her  imagination  suggested  in  91-96. 
vota  nocentis:  cf.  39. 

100. fraude  is  the  easiest  emendation  for  the  ms.  laude.  It  is  to  be  taken 
closely  with  the  preceding  sentences.  Fraude  here  is  violation  of  the 
obligations  of  hospitality;  it  is  because  of  her  love  that  she  cannot  harm 
Aeneas. 


U] 


40 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneaa 


Si  mihi  dura  paras?    Miserandae  fata  Creusae 
Lamentis  gemituque  trahens  infanda  peregi 
Vota  dels  durumque  nefas  sortemque  malorum 
Te  narrante  tuli,  gemitus  mentisque  dolorem 

105  Et  lacrimas  prior  ipsa  dedi.     Cui  digna  rependes, 
Si  mihi  dura  paras?     Dulcis  mea  colla  fovebat 
Ascanius  miserumque  puer  figebat  amorem, 
Cui  modo  nostra  fides  amissam  reddere  matrem 
Dum  cupit,  hoc  verum  mentito  pignore  nomen 

110  Format  amor,  gemitusque  graves  atque  oscula  figit 
Confessus  pietate  dolor.     Cui  digna  rependes, 
Si  mihi  dura  paras?     Nostri  modo  litoris  hospes 


102.  Lamenta  A,  carr.  a,  lamentans  genitusque  Maehly  Peregit  A,  corr, 
Wemsdorf  103.  Voto  dies  A,  corr.  a  104.  tulit  Oudendarp  105.  lacrimis 
A  107  delet  Birt  fouebat  A,  figebat  Oudendorpf  fallebat  Burman  108. 
nostram  fidem  A  110.  gemitusue  A  adq;  A  111.  Concessus  M oe/i/y 
112.    nostro  A,  nostri  vtUgo    hospis  A    nostro    .  .  .  litore  sospes  Baehrens 


101.   fata  Creusae:  related  by  Vergil  (Aen.  2.  738-795).     Cf. 
Ov.  Epist.  7.  83-6    Si  quaeraa  vhi  sit  formosi  mater  luli, 

Ocddit,  a  duro  sola  relicta  viro. 
Haec  mihi  narraras;  at  me  movere;  merentem 
Ure;  minor  culpa  poena  fulura  mea  est, 

10^. Lamentis  gemituque:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  4.  667-8 

Lamentis  gemituque  et  femineo  ululatu 
Tecta  fremunt. 

peregi  vota:  cf .  Ov.  Met.  6.  468    agii  sua  vota  sub  tUis. 
Auson.  426.  4  (Hecuba)  peragit  vota  cum  matribus. 

103. durum  .  .  .  tuli:  Wemsdorf  explains  tuli  as  equivalent  to  molests 
tuli,  but  cites  no  parallels  to  support  his  interpretation.  Tuli  without 
a  modifier  can  hardly  have  this  meaning,  but  durum  may  be  taken  as 
predicate  adjective  with  nefas  and  sortem:  "I  bore  or  felt  her  wrong 
and  evil  destiny  as  cruel.''  Hence  the  meaning  is  about  the  same  as 
that  of  moleste  or  gravitur  tuli.    Cf .  the  use  of  dura  in  39. 

10^. gemitus  mentisque  dolorem:  hendiadys. 

lOQ.  Dulcis  Ascanius:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1.  659    pro  dulci  Ascanio. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


41 


worthily  repay,  if  you  desire  cruelty  for  me? 

While  prolonging  with  laments  and  sighs  the  story  of  un- 
happy Creusa's  fate,  I  offered  unutterable  prayers  to  the  gods, 
and  I  grieved  for  her  wrong  and  her  evil  destiny  as  you  told  the 
tale;  I  was  myself  the  first  to  give  way  to  the  sighs  and  tears  of 
an  anguished  mind.  Whom  will  you  worthily  repay,  if  you  de- 
sire cruelty  for  me? 

Sweet  Ascanius  caressed  my  neck,  and  the  boy  pierced  my 
heart  with  a  hapless  passion;  while  my  sense  of  duty  desired 
merely  to  restore  to  him  his  lost  mother,  love,  with  lying  prom- 
ise, made  the  name  a  true  one,  and  grief,  shown  in  sympathy, 
uttered  deep  sighs  and  imprinted  kisses.  Whom  will  you  worth- 
ily repay,  if  you  desire  cruelty  for  me? 

But  lately   you   were   a   stranger   on   our   shore,    destitute 


106-7. Cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1.  685-8 

Ut,  cum  te  gremio  accipiet  laetissima  Dido, 
Regales  inter  mensas  lalicemque  Lyaeum, 
Cum  dabit  amplexus  alque  oscula  dvlcia  figet, 
Occultum  inspires  ignem  faUasque  veneno. 
and  1.  717-9  Haec  oculis,  haec  pectore  tolo 

Haeret,  et  interdum  gremio  fovet^  inscia  Dido 
Insidat  quantus  miserae  deus. 

107. Birt  rejects  this  line  because  this  "stanza"  is  longer  by  a  line  than  the 
others.  He  thinks  it  was  added  by  an  interpolator  who  felt  that  the 
name  of  Ascanius  was  required.  But  with  the  line  omitted  the  sense  is 
not  clear.  It  seems  better  to  attribute  the  extra  line  to  the  writer's  care- 
lessness or  lack  of  skill  than  to  interpolation.  Birt  objects  to  Ouden- 
dorp's  conjecture  figebat  on  account  of  the  recurrence  of  the  word  in 
110;  but  this  may  be  really  an  argument  in  its  favor;  see  Introduction 
p.  10. 

lOS. fides:  faithfulness  to  the  requirements  of  hospitality.  Dido's  kindness 
to  Ascanius  was  at  first  prompted  merely  by  a  sense  of  duty  to  the 
motherless  boy. 

lOQ. mentito  pignore:  i.  e.  the  false  hopes  of  happiness  which  love  aroused* 
The  juxtaposition  of  verum  and  mentito  is  no  doubt  intentional. 
nomen:  i.  e.  of  "mother." 

110. figit  governs  gemitus  as  well  as  oscula — zeugma. 

oscula  figit:  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  1.  QS7    oscula  dvlcia  figet, 

111. Confessus:  passive  meaning. 


42 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


1 ' 


i.-. 

i. 


Nudus  et  exul  eras,  dispersa  classe  per  undas, 
Naufragus,  ut  taceam  clades  quascumque  videbas 

115  Inpendisse  tibi;  licet  haec  tibi  cuncta  fuissent, 

Regna  tamen  Carthago  dedit.     Cui  digna  rependes, 
Si  mihi  dura  paras?     Nihil  est  quod  dura  reposcam. 
Nequiquam  donasse  velim!     Quae  perdere  possem 
Numquam  damna  voco.     Vel  hoc  mihi,  prefide,  redde, 

120  Quod  sibi  debet  amor,  si  nil  pia  facta  merentur. 
Esse  deos  natura  docet,  non  esse  timendos 
Rerum  facta  probant.     Quid  enim  non  credere  possum? 


113.  Nudos  distuleras  A,  con.  MaeJUy  dispersas  classes  A,  clade  a  114 
clades  A,  classes  a  uidebor  A,  uidebar  a,  uidebas  Baehrena  116.  char- 
ta«o  A  117.  reposcent  A,  reposcam  Higt  118.  Nee  quidquid  A,  quidquam 
A',  Hoc  quidquid  Baehrem,  Nequiquam  Riese,  Nee  quod  non  Maehly  qu§  A, 
quod  a  119.  uoco  A,  uolo  Burman  121.  esset  timendos  A  122.  enim 
credere  non  A,  nunc  credere  Higt 


113.  Cf.  Verg.  Aen.  4.  373-5  Eiectum  litore,  egentem, 

Except  et  regni  demens  in  parte  locavi, 
Amissam  claasem,  aocios  a  morte  redtixi. 
Ov.  Epist.  7.  8^90     Fluctibus  eiectum  tuta  statiane  recepi, 

Vixque  bene  audita  nomine  regna  dedi. 
115. Inpendisse:  the  perfect  infinitive  has  here  the  force  of  the  present,  as  was 
often  the  case  in  late  Latin,  cf .  Schmabs  pp.  435-6.  It  is  not,  however, 
peculiar  to  late  Latin,  but  was  common  in  poetry,  especially  elegiac 
poetry  of  the  classical  period,  where  it  was  often  used  for  metrical  con- 
venience; hence  it  came  to  be  used  in  aU  poetry  with  merely  present  force. 
See  A.  A.  Howard,  Harvard  Studies  1.  p.  111. 

fuissent:  licet  should  properly  be  foUowed  only  by  present  or  perfect 
subjunctive,  but  in  late  Latin  it  is  often  found  with  secondary  tenses, 
and  even  with  the  indicative  (cf .  149) .  The  earliest  instance  of  its  use  with 
a  secondary  tense  of  the  subjunctive  is  in  BeU.  Hisp.  16.  3  quod  factum 
licet  necopinantibus  nostris  esset  gestum;  cf.  also  Juv.  13.  56,  Mart.  5.  39. 
8,  9.  91.  3,  etc.  It  occurs  three  times  in  S.  Silvia  (see  Bechtel  p.  124). 
For  discussion  and  further  examples  see  Schmalz,  Neue  JahrbOcher  1891. 
p.  216;  E.  B.  Lease,  Archiv  fur  Lot.  Lexicog.  1900.  p.  25,  and  American 
Journal  of  Philology  1900,  p.  453. 


An  Anonymous  EpisUe  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


43 


and  exiled,  shipwrecked,  your  fleet  scattered  over  the  waves, 
to  say  nothing  of  all  the  disasters  that  you  saw  threatening  you. 
Although  all  this  had  been  your  lot,  yet  Carthage  offered  you  a 
throne.  Whom  will  you  worthily  repay,  if  you  desire  cruelty 
for  me? 

There  is  no  reason  for  my  demanding  a  cruel  requital.  I 
should  wish  rather  to  have  given  in  vain!  What  I  could  lose, 
I  never  count  as  loss.  But,  traitor,  grant  me  at  least  what 
love  owes  itself,  if  deeds  of  kindness  deserve  no  reward. 

Nature  teaches  that  there  are  gods,  experience  proves  that 
they  are  not   to   be   feared.      How    can    I   not    believe   it? 


117. Nihil  est  quod:  used  as  in  35,  with  the  subjunctive  of  characteristic,  if 
the  reading  reposcam  is  accepted. 

1 18 .  Nequiquam  etc. :  i.  e.  *'  I  gave  without  expectation  of  return,  consequent- 
ly I  do  not  desire  to  exact  vengeance  because  my  kindness  has  been 
wasted. " 

119.  Vel  hoc:  for  scansion  see  note  on  98.  Vel  is  here  intensive,  empha- 
sizing hoc, 

perfide:    cf.  35. 

121-2.  This  Epicurean  doctrine  is  the  whole  theme  of  Lucretius.  Cf.  also 
Enn.  Trag.  269-71 

Ego  deum  genus  esse  semper  dixi  et  dicam  ca^litum^ 
Sed  eos  non  curare  opinor  quid  agat  humanum  genus. 
Nam  si  curent,  bene  bonis  sit^  male  malis,  quod  nunc  abest. 
Cic.  Nat.  Dear.  3.  83    Diogenes  quidem  Cynicus  dicere  solebat  Harpalum, 
qui  temporibus  illis  praedo  felix  habebaturj  contra  deos  testimonium  dicere, 
quod  in  iUa  fortuna  tam  diu  viveret. 

Ov.  Met.  9.  203-4    At  valet  Eurystheusy  et  sunt  qui  credere  possini 

Esse  deost 
Am.  3.  3-1-2    Esse  deos  i  crede.    Fidem  iurata  fefellit, 

Et  fades  iUi  quae  fuit  ante  manet. 
Am.  3.  9.  35-6    Cum  rapiant  mala  fata  bonos,  ignoscite  fasso, 

Sollicitor  nutlos  esse  putare  deos. 
122.  Berum  facta:  the  facts  of  the  world,  that  which  takes  place  in  the  world. 
enim:  explanatory — "I  know  that  the  gods  are  not  to  be  feared,  for 
I  have  good  reason  to  believe  it. " 


44 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


Tutus  fraude  manes,  et  nos  pietate  perimus! 
Inprobe,  dure,  nocens,  crudelis,  perfide,  fallax, 

125  Officiis  ingrate  meis!     Quid  verba  minantur? 
Non  odit  qui  vota  dolet,  nee  digna  rependit 
Quidquid  laesa  gemit.     Tibi  nempe  remissus  habetur 
Lege  pudoris  amor.     Cui  tanta  dedisse  recusem, 
Sceptra,  domum,  Tyrios,  regnum,  Carthaginis  arces, 

130  Et  quidquid  regnantis  erat?     De  coniuge,  fallax, 
Non  de  iure  queror,  meritum  si  non  habet  ardor, 
Sed  quod  hospes  eras,  nee  te  magis  esse  nocentem 
Quam  miserum,  Troiane,  puto,  qui  digna  repellis 
Dum  non  digna  cupis — nondum  bene  siccus  ad  aequor 


123.  Totus  frauda  A,  cmr.  Burman  at  nos  Oudendorp  126.  dict&  Baeh' 
em  127.  Quisquis  Maehly  lexa  A,  laesa  vulgo,  plexa  Heinae,  rixa  Baeh" 
rens  me  pe  remissus  A,  me  permissus  vulgo,  nempe  remissus  Baehrens,  Tibine 
mpermissus  Oudendorp  128.  podoris  A  Cui  A,  Qui  {^quomodo)  Rieae  129. 
chartaginis  A  130.  fallis  Baehrens  132.  Sit  Higt  134.  Sum  A,  Dum 
Oudendorp,  Somno  digna  Heinse    sicus  A. 


124.  For  the  succession  of  epithets  and  asyndeton  cf.  Auson.  298.  29-30 
Salve,  fons  ignoie  ortu,  sacer,  alma,  perennis 
Vitree,  glauce,  profunde,  sonore,  illimis,  opace. 
and  Verg.  Aen.  3.  658    monatrum  horrendum,  informe,  ingens. 
For  the  asyndeton  cf.  129. 
125. Quid  etc.:  an  abrupt  change  in  Dido's  mood,  similar  to  that  which  is  in- 
dicated in  39. 
126. iVon  odit  etc.:  cf.  Ov.  Episi.  7.  29-30 

Non  tamen  Aenean,  quamvis  male  cogitat,  odi, 
Sed  queror  infidum,  questaque  -peiua  amo. 
digna  rependit:  cf.  digrui  rependea  of  the  refrain,  100  etc. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


45 


You  remain  safe  in  your  treachery,  and  I  die  because  of  loy- 
alty! Base,  ruthless,  guilty,  cruel,  treacherous,  false,  ungrateful 
for  my  kindnesses !  But  why  these  threatening  words?  He  does 
not  hate  who  repents  of  his  wishes,  nor  does  she  who  is  wronged 
exact  a  fitting  penalty  for  that  for  which  she  grieves.  By  you 
doubtless  love  is  thought  to  be  freed  from  the  restraint  of  honor. 
To  whom  could  I  refuse  to  give  so  much — my  sceptre,  my  house, 
the  Tyrian  people,  my  kingdom,  the  citadels  of  Carthage,  and 
whatever  belonged  to  a  ruler?  It  is  of  my  husband,  false  one, 
that  I  complain,  not  of  my  rights,  if  my  passion  has  not  the  re- 
turn it  deserves.  But  you  were  my  guest,  and  I  think  you  not 
more  guilty  than  pitiable,  Trojan,  you  who  reject  what  is 
worthy  while  you  seek  what  is  worthless — though  your  garments 
are  as  yet  scarcely  dry  you  hasten  again  to  the  sea,  and  though 


127.^0650  is  the  simplest  of  the  various  emendations  proposed,  though  it  is 
not  altogether  satisfactory;  the  change  to  the  feminine  after  the  mascu- 
line qui  is  very  harsh.    Riese  prints  lexa  marked  with  a  dagger. 
V2S.dediaae:  see  note  on  perfect  infinitive,  115. 
129.  Cf.  Ov.   Epist.  7.  11-12 

Nee  nova  Carthago,  nee  te  crescentia  tangunt 
Moenia,  nee  aceptro  tradita  aumma  tuo? 
132. quod  hoapea:  for  scansion  cf.  98  and  119. 

133 .  digna:  i.  e.  what  Dido  offers.  The  contrast  between  what  Dido  has  given 
Aeneas  and  what  awaits  him  in  Italy  is  developed  at  greater  length  by 
Ovid  (Epiat,  7.  13-22). 

134.  Anacoluthon;  the  quod  clause  beginning  in  132  is  not  followed  by  a  prin- 
cipal clause  that  logically  completes  it. 

aiccua:  i.  e.  after  suffering  shipwreck  in  the  storm  which  drove  him  to 
Carthage. 


46 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


135  Curris,  et  extremas  modo  naufragus  arripis  undas. 
Tutior  esse  times  et  honesta  pericula  nescis. 
Cum  mala  vota  cupis,  solus  tibi  dura  profecto 
Damna  paras.     Fugis,  ecce  fugis,  nostrosque  penates 
Deseris  et  miseram  linquis  Carthaginis  aulam, 

140  Quae  tibi  regna  dedit,  sacro  diademate  crines 
Cinxit,  et  augustam  gemmato  sidere  frontem 
Conplevit,  nostrumque  tibi  commisit  amorem. 
Nil  puto  maius  habes  et  adhuc  sine  coniuge  regnas, 
Aeneas  ingrate  meus.     Regat  ira  dolenti 

145  Consilium!    Sed  praestat  amor.     Mea  vulnera  vellem 


136.  nescis  A,  poscis  Wemsdorf  timens  inhonesta  Higt  139.  cartaginia 
A  140.  Que  A  141.  gematos.  sydere  A  142.  Conplebit  A,  InpUcuit 
Maehly    comisit  A     143.  regnat  Wemsdorf    144.  negat  Higt, 


135. arripis  =  hasten  to,  cf. 

Verg.  Am.  3.   477  hanc  (Ausoniam)  arripe  velis. 
9.     13  turhata  arripe  castra. 

10.  298  arrepta  teUure  semel, 

11.  531  arripuit  locum, 
IZ^. honesta  pericula:  cf.  97. 

nescis:  there  is  no  need  of  changing  to  poscis,  as  has  generally  been 
done.  The  emphasis  is  on  honesta—in  leaving  the  safety  of  Carthage 
Aeneas  is  seeking  dangers,  but  this  is  no  proof  of  courage,  for  they  are 
not  dangers  incurred  in  pursuing  an  honorable  course  of  conduct. 

137.t;oto:  accusative  of  inner  object;  cf.  vota  queroTj  87. 
solus:  i.  e.  you  have  only  yourself  to  blame. 
profecto:  perfect  participle. 

liO. sacro  diademate,  etc.:  cf. 

Lucan  5.  60        Cingere  Pellaeo  pressos  diademate  crines, 
Claud.  7.  84       sacro    .  .   .     omat  diademate  crines. 
Prud.  c.  Symm.  2.  430   caput  augustum  diademate  cinxit, 
Prifjc.  Anast.  163    Quo  caput  ipse  tuum  prima  diademate  cinxit. 
Thi3  epithet  saawn  is  often  used  with  diadema  (cf.  Thesaurus). 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


47 


lately  shipwrecked  you  are  hurrying  to  distant  seas.  You  are 
afraid  to  be  safer,  and  yet  you  know  nothing  of  dangers  that  are 
honorable.  While  you  cherish  your  evil  desires,  you  alone  are 
preparing  cruel  disaster  for  yourself  by  your  departure.  You 
flee,  lo !  you  flee  and  abandon  my  household  gods,  and  leave 
the  unhappy  court  of  Carthage,  which  gave  you  a  throne, 
which  encircled  your  hair  with  the  sacred  diadem,  placed  on 
your  majestic  brow  the  jewelled  constellation,  and  entrusted 
you  with  my  love.  You  have  nothing  greater,  I  think,  than 
this,  and  you  still  reign  without  a  consort,  my  ungrateful  Aeneass 
Let  anger  rule  the  counsels  of  one  who  grieves!    But  love  is. 


The  diadema  was  originally  a  purple  fiUet  worn  by  the  Persian  king 
around  the  tiara.  Among  the  Romans  it  was  always  regarded  as  a  sym- 
bol of  kingly  power.  From  the  time  of  Constantine  it  was  adopted  by 
the  Caesars  as  a  sign  of  their  imperial  dignity;  it  was  often  adorned  with 
a  row  of  pearls  or  precious  stones,  or  made  of  gold  and  jewels.  See 
Pauly-Wissowa,  Real-Encyclopddie,  and  S.  M.  Stevenson,  Dictionary  of 
Roman  Coins,  s.  v.  diadema. 

Ul. sidere  may  refer  to  the  form  of  the  diadem,  or  merely  to  the  brilliance  of 
the  jewels  of  which  it  is  composed. 

143. maius:  sc.  nostra  amore  from  previous  line. 

la.meus:  vocative.  Cf.  Verg.  Aen.  6.  835  sanguis  meus. 

In  early  Latin  meus  is  used  as  vocative  only  with  a  noun  having  the  voc- 
ative like  the  nominative;  with  later  writers  this  rule  is  not  observed, 
Cf.  Kuhner  1.  p.  447.  7. 
ira:  contrasted  with  amor;    cf.  15  ff. 

Ii5. vellem:  the  present  subjunctive  might  have  been  expected  here. 


48 


An  Anonymoits  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


Fletibus  augeri,  sed  iam  discrimine  mortis 
Victa  feror.     Neque  enim  tantus  de  funere  luctus 
Quantus  erat  de  fratre.     Licet  simul  inprobus  exul 
Et  malus  hospes  eras  et  ubique  timendus  haberis, 
150  Vive  tamen  nostrumque  nefas  post  fata  memento. 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


49 


146.  auferri  Maehly  147.  fessos  A,  feror  a  neque  erit  Maehly  fenere  A, 
funere  a,  foedere  Baehrena  148.  erit  A,  erat  Wemsdorf  149.  maius  hos- 
pis  A  (hospes  A^),  malus  Baehrens,  magis  Burman  150.  facta  A,  fata  Bur* 
man. 


better.  I  should  wish  that  my  wounds  might  grow  through 
lamentations,  but  already  I  hasten  on,  conquered  by  my  deter- 
mination to  die.  Nor  indeed  will  there  be  such  mourning  for 
my  death  as  there  was  because  of  my  brother's  crime.  Though 
you  were  at  once  base  as  an  exile  and  faithless  as  a  guest,  and 
everywhere  are  regarded  as  one  to  be  feared,  yet  live,  and  after 
my  death  remember  the  wrong  that  you  did  to  me. 


I4&.fiet{bu8  augeri:  Dido  here  recurs  to  the  same  thought  as  was  expressed 
at  the  beginning  of  the  epistle  (cf.  8);  she  would  like  to  have  the  sat- 
isfaction of  dwelling  on  her  wrongs. 

147  ./eror:  cf.  Verg.  Georg.  4.  497    fer&r  ingenti  circumdata  node, 
Aen.  4.  376  Heu  Furiis  incensa  feror. 
litctus:  sc.  erit. 

14S. fratre:  Dido's  brother,  Pygmalion. 

149. era«,  haberis:  indicative  with  licet,  which  is  found  from  the  time  of  Apul- 
eius  on;  see  note  on  115. 

150.  Fire:  cf.  Ov.  Epist.  7.  63-4 

Vive  precor,  sic  te  melius  quam  funere  perdam. 
Tu  potius  leti  causa  ferere  mei. 
and  6.  164     Vivite,  devoto  nuptaque  virque  toro. 

Cf .  Palmer's  note  on  the  latter  passage — "  There  is  often  some  bitterness, 
almost  a  curse,  in  this  word." 


50 


An  Anonymous  EpisUe  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


INDEX  VERBORUM 

*  indicates  that  the  word  i8  not  in  A,  but  is  introduced  into  the  text  as  an 
emendation. 
t  indicates  tiuU  the  word  is  found  in  A,  hut  not  accepted  in  the  text. 


a  (exclam.)  18 
ad  134 
adhuc  143 
aemula  (ace.)  *35 
Aeneas  144 
aequor  (ace.)  134 

aequora  (ace.)  75 
affectus  32 
ager  80 
alit59 

alitura  56 
alumni  (gen.)  *64 
amissam  108 
amo 

ames  1 

amare  5 

amantem  26 

amantes  (ace.)  (-em  A)  58 
amor  4,  7,  17,  43,  48,  53,  58,  61,  63, 
68,  73,  78,  82,  85,  90,  98,  100, 
110,  120,  128.  145 

amorem  14,  107,  142 

amore  14,  34,  56,  97 
amplexu  55 
anni  (gen.)  84 
ante  (adv.)  89 
apex  22 
arator  68 
aretls  (gen.)  44 
ardor  59,  131 
aristas  66 
arripis  135 
arva  (nom.)  79 
arx 

arees  (ace.)  129 
Ascanius  107 
ater 

atra  (fem.)  49 
atque  110 
audere  (-ire  A)  99 
auget  14,  76 

augeri  146 
augustam  141 


aulam  139 
aura  52 

auras  64 
auster  51 
autunmi  t64 
bene  58,  134 
bonus  3 
calamus  15 
calor  25 
campus  65 
cantat  4 
capit  69,  84 
carminis  2 

carmine  10 
carpit  84 
Carthago  116 

Carthaginis  129,  139 
castus  14 
casus  41 
cedo 

cessit  *97 

cessurus  45 
celerare  *15 
ceme  3 
cessat  70 
cinxit  141 
circumdat  49 

circumdata  (fem.)  13 
clades  (aec.)  114 
classe  (-es  A)  113 
colla  (ace.)  106 
comas  66 
commendat  t21 
commisit  142 
concordat  62 
condemnat  *21 
confessus  111 

confessam  (-us  A)  26 
coniunx  60 

coniuge  130,  143 
conplent  11,  59 

conplevit  142 
conponam  10 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


51 


conscia  (nom.  pi.,)  29,  32 
consumit  46 

consumere  *88 
continet  46 

continuit  16 
conubium  (nom.)  27 
convincere  37 
eonvitia  (nom.)  7 
corda  (aec.)  98 
comibus  (abl.)  44 
coronas  (-ae  A)  80 
corpus  (ace.)  94 
credere  122 
credula  (fem.)  27 
orescit  t97 

crescentis  93 
Creusae  (gen.)  101 
crimen  (nom.)  27 

crimine  33 
crines  (ace.)  140 
crudelis  (voc.)  124 
culmine  55 
culpa  (-am  A)  91 
culpet  26 
cum  (conj.)  137 
cum  (prep.)  62 
cuncta  (nom.  pi.)  115 

cuncta  (ace.)  28 
cupis  134,  137 

cupit  109 
curris  135 

cucurrit  24 
cursUs  (ace.)  50 
curvatis  (abl.)  44 
Cynthia  43 
damno  (abl.)  54 

damna  (aec.)  74,  119,  138 
de  45,  130,  131,  147,  148 
debet  120 

debuit  6 

debita  (aec.)  37 
deflet  40 
deperit  76 
deseris  139 
deis  (dat.)  103 

deos  121 
dextram  19 
diademate  140 


dietare  6 

dies  (sing.)  46,  (-e  A)  67 

diem  49,  93 
diflFero 

distuleras  tll3 
dignetur  5 
digna  (fem.)  30 

digna  (ace.)  100,  105,  111, 

116,  126,  133,  134 
discrimine  146 
dispergere  91 

disperse  (-as  A)  113 
do 

dat  72,  80 

datur  38 

dedi  13,  28,  34,  105 

dedit  116,  140 

dare  96 

dedisse  128 
docet  121 
dolet  57,  126 

dolenti  144 
dolor  11,  14,  16,  89,  111 

dolorem  11,  104 
dolos  86 
domus  14 
domum  129 

domo  88 
dono 

donasse  118 
donum 

dona  (nom.)  83 

dona  (aec.)  9 
dubii  (gen.)  75 

dubium  (ace.)  18 

dubiS  22 
dulcis  106 

dulee  (ace.)  4 

dulcia  (aec.)  61 
dum  15,  20,  13  bis,  42,  47,  109, 

♦134 
dunmi  (ace.)  103 

duro  (abl.)  25 

dure  124 

dura  (ace.)  20,  39,  101,  106, 

112,  117  bis,  137 
ecce  138 
egena  *12 


>«^i 


52 


ego 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


53 


mihi  101,  106,  112,  117,  119 

me  (ace.)  8,  90,  tl27 

nos  (nom.)  123 
enim  122,  147 
eo 

ire  38 
et  17,  20,  21,  29,  64,  66,  69, 

79,  84,  97,  105,  *113,  123,  130, 

135,  136,  139,  141,  143,  149  bis 
explicitam  21 
extremas  135 
exul  ♦I  18,  148 
facio 

fecit  91 

fecisse  41 

factura  (fem.)  19 
facta  (nom.)  120,  122 

facta  (ace.)  tl50 
fallax  (voe.)  124,  130 
fallit  66 

fallere  43,  48,  53,  58,  63,  68, 
73,  78,  82 
fata  (nom.)  9 

fata  (ace.)  94,  101,  *150 

fatis  (abl.)  13,  34 
fecundo  (abl.)  63 
feiix60 
feris  (dat.)  96 
feror  147 

tulil04 
femuQ  (ace.)  95 
fessua  68 
fides  (sing.)  28,  36,  108 

fidem  3,  30,  40,  59,  91 
figit  110 

figcbat  *107 

figere  95 
firmat  t20 
flamma  24 
flere  8,  88 

flentem  7 
fletus  (aco.)  10,  8S 

fletibus  (abl.)  146 
flexum  (ace.)  52 
flore  80 

floribus  (abl.)  79 
fluctus  75 


format  ^20,  43,  110 
fovebat  106,  tl07 

fovens  55 
fratre  45,  148 
fraudis  86 

fraude  36,  ♦lOO,  123 
fronde  80 
frontem  141 
fniitur  49 
fugis  38,  138  bis 

fugientis  84 
funere  147 
garrula  (fem.)  53 
gemitu  102 

gemittis  (ace.)  104,  110 
gemmato  (abl.)  141 

gemmatis  (abl.)  78 
gemit  127 
gramine  65 
grata  (fem.)  4,  70 

grata  (nom.pl.)  82 
gravi  (abl.)  10,  95 

graves  (ace.)  110 
babes  39,  143 
habet  11,  12,  131 
haberis  149 
habetur  127 
habe2 
habere  99 
herba  66 
hie 
banc  31 

hoc  (ace.)  99,  109,  119 
haee  (nom.  pi.)  115 
haee  (ace.)  9 
honestam  90 

honesta  (ace.)  97,  136 
honore  44 
hospes  112,  132,  149 

hospite  98 
iaetes  35 

iam  54,  58,  89,  146 
igne26 
ille32 
in  (w.  ace.)  95 

in  (w.  abl.)  98 
incole  3 
incrementa  (nom.)  75 


fndutias  84 
infanda  (ace.)  102 
infusus  71 
ingrato  (dat.)  6 

ingrate  125,  144 
inpendisse  115 
inprobus  148 
inproba  (nom.  pi.)  8 
inprobe  34,  124 
inter  86 
invidiam  41 
ipse  11,  16,  89 

ipsa  (fem.)  29,  105 
ira  t20,  144 
iram  *24 
irata  t24 

iratas  15 
ista  (ace.)  (-e  A)  31 
iter  (ace.)  22 
iubar  (ace.)  44 
iubeo 

iussit  90 
index  3 

iugum  (ace.)  68 
luli  93 
iunctus  58 
iura  (ace.)  46 
iuvant  7 
labores  (ace.)  69 
lacrimas  105 
laesus  7 

laesa  ^127 
laeta  (fem.)  60,  65 
lamentis  (abl.)  (-a  A)  102 
laseivis  (abl.)  81 
latet  80,  100 
laude  flOO 
leeti  (gen.)  32 
lege  28,  45,  50,  128 
libenter  2 
licet  34,  115,  148 
ligat  20,  66 

ligavit  17,  (-at  A)  98 
linquis  139 
lite  76 
littera  21 
litus 
litoris  112 


litora  (ace.)  73 
loquentem  16 
luetus  147 
ludimt  74 
ludant  2 
lux 
lueis  44,  83 
luce  57 
magis  8,  132 
maius  (ace.)  143,  tl49 
male  22,  27,  54 
maledieta  (ace.)  13 
malus  *149 
malorum  103 
mala  (ace.)  137 
mandat  23 
mane  t53 
manes  123 
manus  18 
manum  16 
manu  94 
manus  (ace.)  92 
maris  75 
maritus  60 
mariti  (gen.)  28 
marito  (abl.)  30 
matrem  108 
medullas  25 
meliore  67 

membra  (ace.)  25,  71,  92.  ^96 
memento  150 
mens 
mentis  3,  ^17,  104 
mente  23 
mensa  t96 
mentito  (abl.)  109 
meretur  31 

merentur  120 
mergo 

mersum  (ace.)  48,  95 
meritum  (ace.)  131 

meritis  tl7 
mens  31,  144 
meis  (dat.)  35,  125 
mea  (ace.)  40,  106,  145 
micantia  (nom.)  50 
mille86 
ministram  71 


w 


54 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


minor 

minatup  125 
minus  (adv.)  21 
mira  (fern.)  28 
miser 

miserimi  (ace.)  107,  133 

miseram  90,  92,  139 

miseras  56 

miseris  (abl.)  13 
miseror 

miserandae  (gen.)  101 
modicum  (ace.)  5 
modo  (adv.)  8,  ^54  108,  112,  135 
mortis  8,  146 

morte  95 
munera  (ace.)  83 
murmurat  51 
mutat  64 
nam  8,  38 
narrante  104 
natura  42,  47,  77,  81,  121 
naufragus  114,  135 
navifragi  (gen.)  51 

nee  11,  16,  28,  29,  37,  51,  52, 

66,  70,  82,  83  bis,  tll8,  126,  132 
nefas  (nom.)  97 

nefas  (ace.)  56,  99,  103,  150 
negat  89 

negavit  89 

neget  41 
nempe  *127 
nemus  (ace.)  52 
neque  147 
nequiquam  *118 
nescis  136 

nescit  43,  48,  53,  58,  63,  68, 
73,  78,  82 
nidos  55 

nihil  (nom.)  35,  39,  117 
nil  (ace.)  120,  143 
noeens  (nom.)  24 

nocentis  39,  99 

noeentem  132 

noeens  (voc.)  9,  124 
nomen  (ace.)  109 

nomina  (ace.)  23 
non  20,  32  bis,  36,  84,  121,  122, 

126,  131  bis,  134 


nondiun  134 
nosco 

novit  70 
nostra  (fem.)  108 

nostri  (gen.)  (-o  A)  112 

nostrum  (ace.)  142,  150 

nostro  (abl.)  96 

nostros  138 

nostra  (ace.)  2 
nox  49 

noctis  82 

noctem  69 

noete  57,  62 
nudus  (-08  A)  113 
nullus  26,  100 

nullam  6 

nulla  (nom.)  7 
numquam  29,  119 
nunc  27,  58 
odit  126 

officiis  (dat.)  77,  125 
omnia  (ace )  41 
opem  72 
orbem  46 

OS 

era  (ace.)  *20 
oseula  (ace.)  110 
otia  (nom.)  2 
pallentibus  (abl.)  48 
paras  101,  106,  112,  117,  138 
parvimi  (ace.)  94 
pascit  55 
patientis  12 

passus  17,  97 
pectore  96 
pello 

pulsum  (nom.)  96 
penates  (ace.)  138 
pendet 14 

pependit  18 

pendens  53 
penitus  24 
I>ensat  56 

per  25,  69,  71,  t74,  113 
peragunt  50 

peregi  (-it  A)  102 
perdo  33 

perdere  118 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


55 


perit36 

perimus  123 

peritura  (fem.)  87,  (nom.  pi.)  74 
perfide  35,  119,  124 
pericula  (ace.)  97,  136 
petebas  36 
Philomela  54 
piacula  (ace.)  86 
pietate  111,  123 
pignore  109 

pignera  (ace.)  59 
pingo 

pietus  80 
pinnis  (abl.)  53 
pius 

pia  (nom.  pi.)  83,  120 

pia  (ace.)  1 
placet  38 

placent  83 
plus  (ace.)  11 

plura  (ace.)  16 
poetam  5 
pollice  19 
polus 

poli  (gen)  50 
ponto  (abl.)  91 

ponti  (nom.)  73 
possum  122 

potest  5 

poteram  91,  93 

poteras  37 

possem  118 
post  ^74,  150 
praecipitare  93 
praestat  145 
prata  (nom.)  79 
premit  57 
prior  105 
pro  33 
probant  122 
probus  3 

profecto  (dat.)  137 
proventu  (-um  A)  67 
pudor  23,  89 

pudoris  54,  128 
puer  107 
puto  133,  143 
quam  (eonj.)  133 


quamvis  (eonj.)  10 

quantus  148 

quatit  52 

-que  3,  17,  18,  22,  24,  25,  40,  49, 

50,  55,  56,  59,  61,  71,  74, 

76,  86,  92  bis,  94,  95,  102, 

103  bis,  104,  107,  *110,  138, 

142,  150 
querellas  15,  56 

querellis  (abl.)  39,  87 
queror  87,  131 
querulos  55 
qui  126,  133 

quae  140 

quod  45,  76 

cuius  29,  90 

cui  4,  108,  128 

quern  12 

quod  (ace.)  4,  35,  57,  89, 
117,  120 

quae  (ace.)  13,  118 
quicumque 

quaseumque  114 
quies  70 
quis  (interrog.)  98,  99 

cui  100,  105,  111,  116,  tl28 

quid  (ace.)  2,  19,  122,  125 
quisquis  1,  40 

quidquid  (nom.)  130 

quidquid  (ace.)  34,  tll8,  127 
quod  (eonj.)  38,  39,  132 
quotiens  18 
rapit  42 
recenset  61 
recipit  47 
recursus  38 
recusem  128 
reddis  31 

reddent  29 

redde  119 

reddere  70,  108 
regnas  143 

regnantis  130 
regnum  (ace.)  129 

regna  (ace.)  tl2,  35,  36,  116,  140 
rego 

regit  75 

regat  144 


\' 


s? 
^ 


56 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


Wk 


remittis  9 

remissus  22,  *127 
reparant  73 

reparare  69 

reparatum  (ace.)  43 
repellis  133 
rependit  126 

rependes  100,  105,  111,  116 
reposcam  (-ent  A)  117 
requiro  12 

requiris  1 
renim  37,  63,  122 
resolvere  94 
revirescit  65 
revocata  (fern.)  18 
rident  79 

ridens  (red-A)  t24 
Romula  t35 
rosa 

rosis  (abl.)  79,  81 
roscida  (nom.pl.)  78 
rubet  45 
rumpere  94 
ruricolis  (dat.)  72 
runs  71 
sacer 

sacro  (abl.)  140 
sacramenta  (nom.)  33 
saepe  10 
sails  51 
salutem  6 
sceptra  (ace.)  129 
seribere  90 
secreta  (aec.)  61 

sed  7,  36,  85,  89,  96,  132,  145,  146 
semine  63 
semper  1,  72 
sensus  12 
si  8,  30,  38,  101,  106,  112,  117, 

120,  131 
sicl,  46 
siccus  134 
sidere  141 

sidera  (nom.)  50 
silentia  (nom.)  82 
simul  148 
sine  (prep.)  143 


solus  42,  47,  52,  57,  62,  67,  72, 

77,  81,  137 
solvit  68 
somnus  61 

somni  (gen.)  83 
sonat  4 
sopitus  25 
sopor  71 
sorori  45 
sortem  37,  42,  103 

sorte  36 
spisso  (abl.)  65 
studet  15 

sub  28,  55,  80,  100 
successu  (-us  A)  74 
8ui 

sibi  120 
sum  tl34 

est  35,  39,  117 

eras  ♦113,  132,  149 

erat  27,  130,  *148 

erit  30,  tl48 

fui29 

fuit  19 

fuissent  115 

esse  5,  121  bis,  132,  136 
suo  (abl.)  (-OS  A)  74 

sufi76 

sua  (nom.pl.)  59 

sua  (aec.)  42,  46,  47,  52,  57, 

62,  67,  72,  73,  77,  81,  85 
tacet  51,  54 

taceam  114 
tacitos  88 
■    tacitis  (abl.)  87 
taedens  *24 
taedia  (ace.)  42,  47,  62,  67, 

62,  67,  72,  77,  81 
talis  (nom.)  30 
tamen  116,  150 
tantummodo  85 
tantus  147 

tantum  (ace.)  98 

tanta  (ac.)  128 
temporis  64 
tendas  34 
tenebras  49 


\ 


An  Anonymous  Epistle  of  Dido  to  Aeneas 


67 


tenent  33 
terra  64 

thalami  (gen.)  59 
times  136 

timendus  149 

timendos  121 
torpor  20 
torsit  22 
torus  32 

torum  62 
totidem  86 
totus  tl23 

totum  (aec.)  33 
trahit41 

trahens  102 

tractus  22 
trepidanti  (abl.)  19 
Troiane  9,  31,  133 
tu 

tibi  115  bis,  127,  137,  140.  142 

te  (ace.)  132 

te  (abl.)  104 
tumentibus  (abl.)  92 
tumescunt  (-it  A)  79 
tutus  ♦123 

tutior  136 
tuus 

tuas92 

tua  (ace.)  1 
Tyrios  129 
ubique  149 
umbris48 
unda  51 

undas  113,  135 

undis  (abl.)  92 
unde38 
ut  114 
uxore  60 
vaeat  77 


vaeet  8 
-ve  tllO 
vell2,  96,  119 
verba  (nom.)  11,  125 

verba  (aec.)  17,  23,  40 
verni  (gen.)  ^78 
verum  face.)  109 
vesui  t78 
vias  17 
vicem  31,  47 

vices  (aec.)  64 

vicibus  (abl.)  76 
videbas  (-bor  A)  114 
vinco 

victus  85 

victa  (fem.)  54,  147 
viro  (abl.)  60 
vis 

vires  (ace.)  70 
viscera  (ace.)  95 
vitreas  66 
vive  150 

vocabula  (ace.)  20 
voco  40,  119 

vocant  9 
volo 
velimll8 

vellem  87,  88,  145 

veUet  98 
voluptas  4 
vorat  26 
vota  (nom.)  30 

votis  (dat.)  27 

vota  (ace.)  1,  39,  61,  09,  87, 

99,  103,  126,  137 
vox 

vocem  21 
vulnera  (ace.)  40,  85,  145 


